FORESTS AND FOREST TREES. 181 
viously cleared of trees by the burning of forests which had 
covered them. The Betula verrucosa attains to the same 
northern limits as the fir; but the Betula glutinosa is still 
met with frequently,although stunted, to the extreme north 
of Finland, which is much beyond this.’ 
The wavy-leaved alder (Alnus incana) is common, 
excepting in the north; it is found generally mixed with 
other kinds of trees; but in some districts it forms forests 
which are pretty extensive. 
The other indigenous trees are more met with in groups 
of such extent as to form woods—the willow (Salix caprea), 
the mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), the bird cherry 
(Prunus padus), are all pretty common; the small-leaved 
lime tree (Tilia parvifolia), which is met with growing wild 
up to 63° 40’, the Norway maple (Acer platanoides}, the 
elm (Ulmus campestris), the ash (Fraxinus excelsior), the 
crab apple (Pyrus malus), the Lapland service tree (Sorbus 
fennica), are all met with only in the south of Finland, 
and are rare even there. The shrubs and bushes are not 
very numerous; amongst others there are these, the juni- 
per. (Juniperus communis), the yew (Taxus baccata), the 
dwarf birch (Betula nona), the osier (Salix), of which there 
are found in Finland some twenty varieties; the hazel 
(Corylus avellana), which is found so far north as 61° 40’; 
the guelder rose (Viburnum opulus), the berry-bearing 
buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), the fly lonicera (L. Xylos- 
teum), the Alpine currant (Ribes alpinum) the raspberry 
(Rubus ddaeus), the black currant (Ribes nigrum) ; all which 
extend so far north as 67° 20’; and the gooseberry, which 
grows luxuriantly, to the northern extremity of Fin- 
land. 
Besides the indigenous trees and bushes which we 
have mentioned there are found in Finland a great many 
others which have been brought from other countries and 
acclimatised. The following kinds of trees are found 
interspersed among others, but they rarely constitute 
