FORESTS AND FOREST TREES. 183 
people of the Grand Duchy. There were baskets, or a sort of 
bag, for carrying provisions on a journey, or that of workmen 
in the open air at a distance from their homes, and others 
for holding provisions of different kinds in the house; 
sheaths for bottles requiring protection in transport, boxes 
of different kinds, toys for children, and shoes. To other 
like uses I have seen in the northern forests of Russia this 
bark applied. ~ 
Of the white birch (Betula alba L.) there were exhibited 
at Moscow four sections of trunks, one from Evois (61° 15’), 
and another from Viitasaari (63°), of neither of which were 
details given; the third from Torneii (lat. 66° 35’) was of 
a tree 70 years of age, 24 feet in height, and 7°5 inches in 
diameter ; and the fourth from Munio (68° 70’) was of a 
tree 87 years of age, 42 feet in height, and 7:5 inches in 
diameter. 
The smooth dwarf birch (B. nana) is found throughout 
the country, and is more especially common in the north. 
It is a small shrub or bush. 
. The hoary-leaved alder (Almus incana Willd.) is also 
found everywhere. It is very common up to the neigh- 
bourhood of 65°; further to the north it only grows on 
the margins of lakes and rivers. It forms considerable 
forest masses in the districts in which the land is culti- 
vated by Svedjande or Sartage, 
The common alder (A. glutinosa Willd.) is found up to 
64°; on the west coast it is found even to 65,, but there 
it is only a shrub, and very rare. It likes water, and it is 
often seen lining the margins of lakes. 
The aspen (Populus tremula L,) is found everywhere; and 
it is pretty common excepting in the far north, where it 
becomes rare. Of the aspen there were exhibited at 
Moscow transverse sections from Fiskars, 60° 8’; from 
Evois, 60° 15’, the age of the tree 37 years, the diameter 5 
inches ; and from Pallila, 60° 32’, 18 inches in diameter, 
