FORESTS AND FOREST TREES. 185 
The least willow (S. herbacea L.) 
The wrinkled willow (S. recticulata) 
At Moscow were exhibited two transverse sections of 
the great round-leaved willow (S. caprea), one from Fiskars, 
60° 8’, the other from Torned, 660 35’, the latter of a tree 
60 years old, 18 feet high, and 4 inches in diameter; also 
transverse sections and slabs of the bay-leaved willow 
(S. pentandra), and of the grey willow (S. cinerea), both 
from Fiskars, and sections and slabs of the following culti- 
vated trees from the same place: the sharp-leaved willow 
(S. acutifolia, S. buxifolia), and the common osier (Ss. 
viminalis L), 
The common oak (Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.) grows in 
the south of Finland to the neighbourhood of 60° 30’, 
principally upon the coast, where it even forms, excep- 
tionally, small forest masses. Diffused by cultivation, it is 
met with growing wild, but very rarely, up to 61° 33’, and 
near to the sea, still further to the north, as far north as 
Wasa. To the north of Abo is a forest, if my memory 
serves me right, of oak, about 80 miles in length, but I 
have some misgivings in regard to the kind of tree. 
At the Moscow Exhibition were two specimens of bog- 
wood, both of them oak, found, the one at the bottom of 
Lake Bjérnsjén (the Lake of the Bears), the other ina 
marsh called Ekhammar (Auckland or Oakland ?), both in 
the lands of Fiskars, and found both of them by Mr E. de 
Julin, proprietor of the works at Fiskars. The first-men- 
tioned, there can be no doubt, had grown on the dry bank 
of the lake, whence it had fallen into the water. The 
head and upper part of the tree are in a state of good 
preservation, but the lower portion, which rested on the 
shore, had to a great extent rotted. Judging from the 
débris of oak wood found to the present day in the ground, 
and the accounts of such discoveries made in times past, 
it appears very probable that the south-west and north- 
. east shores of the lake were in times remote from ours 
covered with large oak trees. 
