186 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 
The other was found by Mr de Julin in 1877, when 
digging a canal in the same marsh. It is evident that 
the tree had not grown on. the site of the marsh, which, at 
the remote period in which it grew, must have been 
covered with firs, but on the firm soil of a small hillock 
conterminous with the marsh. The position in which the 
trunk was found indicates this with much appearance of 
truth, for it was at a depth of four feet under the level of 
the marsh, and viewed in connection with the extremely 
slow growth of like layers of turf, it may be accepted, says 
Dr Blomqvist, that perhaps thousands of years have passed 
since the trunk, which must have been of great size, fell 
there. 
In view of what has been made of the fact of trunks of 
oak having been found in like bogs in Denmark, and the 
hypothesis which has been raised relative to a succession 
of different kinds of forest trees having grown upon the 
same land, something may yet be done towards determin- 
ing what kinds of trees constituted forests in Finland in 
prehistoric times, and much besides this concerning them. 
The Wych elm (U/mus montana Sm.) in the west of 
Finland, disappears between 61° and 62°; in the eastern 
portion of the country it is found a little beyond 62°. 
The spreading-flowered- elm (U. effusa Willd.) extends 
in the west to like limits with those of the Wych elm; 
but in the east it is not found beyond 61°. 
The Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) extends to the 
vicinity of 62°. 
The common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) grows in the 
south of Finland to beyond 61°. 
The small-leaved lime tree (Tilia parvifolia Ehr.) extends 
to the vicinity of 63° 40. ‘he liber is used for making 
cords &. On this account the young trees are chiefly in 
demand, and consequently few attain to great age. 
The berry-bearing buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.) 
extends to the neighbourhood of the Polar Circle. It is 
