200 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND. 
from twist, with a bottom diameter of at least 8 dec. 
They must be free from twist or shake in the fibre. 
7. Rail and fence wood. Under this head may be 
reckoned such pine and fir trees, of straight and otherwise 
good-conditioned stems, as are felled in the prosecution of 
thinning operations, having a bottom diameter of from 3} 
to 7 dec. Railwood should have a length of at least 24 
feet, and fencewood a length of at least 16 feet. 
8. Poles of firwood, the produce of thinning, with a 
bottom diameter of from 14 to 3 dec. 
9. Hoopwood, &c., brushwood, the produce of thinning 
young woods. 
Besides these are mentioned— 
10. Tarwood of fir or pine. As pinewood from 15 to 
20 years’ growth is cut down in thinning, the wood which 
is not fit to be used as firewood may be barked, and at 
befitting times be removed and used in the preparation of 
tar. All such may be reckoned and designated tarwood. 
11. Charcoal and firewood. All the wood which cannot 
be brought within one or another of the classes named. 
Carpentry work for machinery and buildings is executed 
in part in workshops attached to great establishments, but 
in part at separate establishments. Mr R. Heimberger, at 
Helsingfors, has a large mechanical carpentry workshop, 
in which tie motive power is steam. Besides this there 
are some thirty cabinetmakers’ establishments, but these 
can scarcely be described otherwise than as simple work- 
shops. There were enumerated in 1873 649 carpenters 
and 171 turners in the country, of whom only 94 carpen- 
ters and 43 turners carried on their work in towns. 
The people often themselves do the simple carpentry 
work they require, such as the making of doors, window- 
frames, lintels, casements, furniture, &c. The population 
of the Hast Bothnian portion of the Government of Wasa 
are famous for their skill in carpentry, as they are for 
their skill in all manual arts. In the environs of Nystad 
the manufacture of wooden vessels, such as tubs, pails, 
