204 THE FOREST LANDS OF FINLAND.. 
temperature. They make about eight tons a-day (400 
poods), and they export nearly all to Russia, but they find 
it rather difficult to dispose of all they can manufacture. 
They get 2 roubles 50 kopeks for wood pasteboard, and 1 
rouble 90 kopeks for wood pulp. In South Russia rags 
are still so cheap that paper manufacturers do not find it 
economical to make use of wood pulp. There is also a 
good deal of wood pulp imported into Russia from 
Sweden. 
Besides the wood made use of in architecture, carpentry, 
shipbuilding, match-making, and tanning, there is much 
consumed in the preparation of charcoal, of potash, of 
alcohol, of resin, pitch, and tar. There has been given 
—[ante p. 193]—a statement of the quantities of these 
materials exported in the years 1874-1876. 
Tar is manufactured chiefly in Easter Bothnia, but it is 
also manufactured in all parts of the country. The manu- 
facture of it is an industry of the people. It is carried 
on thus. In spring they remove the bark from the trunks 
of pines which have attained to the age of from forty to 
eighty years, at the height of about seven feet; but on 
the north side they leave a strip of bark about an inch in 
breadth, to prevent the drying up of the tree. After three 
or four years they renew this cutting away of the bark, 
but at a greater height, about 10 or 14 feet from the 
ground. The result of this removal of the bark is that. 
the portions of the trunk so stripped become impregnated 
with resin, and thus supply a suitable material for the 
manufacture of tar. From six to twelve years after the 
first removal of bark, they fell the trees, and the stripped 
portions are employed in the preparation of the tar, which 
is done in pits. ‘They obtain two hectolitres from ten 
steres, or cubic métres, of barked wood. It is calculated 
that tar is made every year in from 4000 to 5000 pits in 
different parts of the country, but the greater portion in 
the provinces of East Bothnia. 
A model of the pit used there was exhibited at the 
