LITERATURE OF FORESTRY. 225 
have appeared in various journals and gazettes, and in 
the Finska Forstfoereningens Meddelanden, the Journal of 
the Finnish Forest Society, a society of which he was the 
founder, and is the President, and the conductor of the 
journal. Amongst the longer and more important papers 
from his pen which have appeared from him in this 
periodical is one On the Pruning of Trees, a reprint of 
which, in the Swedish and Finnish languages, has 
appeared; and another On the international position of 
Finland in regard to forest production, with tables of the 
trade of Europe at the present time in wood, and articles 
made from wood. But the most important of all is a 
monogram on the Pinus silvestris, the first of a series on 
the forest trees of Finland, described from a forestal point 
of view, Finlands Traedslag I Forstligt Haenseende Beskrifna. 
It is a monograph occupying an entire number of the 
journal, some 200 pages. It is the most special treatise 
on this tree which has yet been published, and is 
illustrated by representations of pines characteristic of 
those of Finland, and more especially of the northern part 
of the country. It is shown that the race of the Pinus 
silvestris in Finland appears to be very superior when 
compared with those of Central Europe, as for example 
of Germany, and that seeds imported thence cannot 
stand the climate of the north. It is stated that this tree 
is the most dominant one of Finland: more than 0°9 of the 
entire surface is covered with it. But the Norway spruce 
is gaining ground every year; and it is alleged that 
throughout the whole of the north of Europe there is year by 
year coming on a time, within perhaps a century from the 
present, when the spruce (Pinus abies, Linn.), will be the 
dominant tree. This phenomenon of regeneration, or 
rather of succession, is to be met with everywhere in 
Scandinavia, as in Finland and in Russia, on to the Ural 
Range, and even beyond these mountains. 
The second volume of the series, a monograph on the 
spruce, will, Iam informed, be published within a year 
from the present time. ; 
Q 
