GEOLOGY. 253 
Tt requires sometimes an experienced geologist to judge 
satisfactorily in regard to such deposits, and determine 
whether they be the products of glacial or of torrential 
action. Several discussions relative to the origin of large 
deposits in France are cited by me in a volume entitled 
Réboisement in France* (pp. 101-117, &c.) In regard to 
the deposits in Finland there is little room for reasonable 
doubt that they are moraines, and not what in France are 
designated lis de dejection from torrents. 
But indications of torrential action also are not awanting 
in Finland. There, in some cases, water may have only 
completed what the flux of ice had begun. And it is not 
improbable that the waterfalls and rapids connecting one 
lake, or series of lakes, with another, have been brought 
into their present condition by the action of water bearing 
along stones—stones both great and small. In reference 
to what may thus be effected, the writer of the book of 
Job tells of the waters wearing the stones, of the mountain 
falling and coming to nought, and of the rock being 
removed out of its place (chap. xiv. 18-19). In the 
Vulgate this passage is rendered: ‘The mountain crumbling 
down comes to an end; and the rock is removed from its 
place; the waters undermine the stones; and by inunda- 
tion, little by little, the land is laid waste.’ 
It is matter of common observation that where water 
dammed up in a hollow makes its escape, this is not done 
by its pressing away the barrier in its entirety, but by 
overflowing this it washes away a little of the earth at one 
or more points on the summit of it; a slightly increased 
* Réboisement in France ; or, Records of the Re-planting of the Alps, the Cevennes, 
and the Pyrenees with trees, herbage, and bush, with a view to arresting and preventing 
the destructive consequences of torrents. In which aré given a resumé of Surrel’s study 
of Alpine torrents, and of the literature of France relative to Alpine torrents, and 
remedial measures which have been proposed for adoption to prevent the disastrous 
consequences following from them,—translations of d its and t its, show- 
ing what legislative and executive measures have been taken by the Government of 
France in connection with réboisement as a remedial application against destructive 
torrents,—and details in regard to the past, present, and prospective aspects of the 
work.—London: Henry 8. King & Co. 1876. 
