346 POULTRY PRODUCTION 



Oil Meal (Linseed). — In the extraction of linseed oil from 

 flaxseed, the residue or cake that is left is ground and placed 

 on the market as a stock food of considerable worth. There 

 are two methods commonly used in extracting the oil, called 

 the old and new processes, respectively. 



In the old process the flaxseed is crushed, heated, placed in 

 sacks, and the oil expressed by hydraulic pressure. In the 

 new process the oil is extracted by washing the crushed and 

 heated seed with naphtha, thus dissolving out the oil. The 

 naphtha is then driven out by steam, the seeds dried, ground, 

 and sold. 



Old i)rocess (O. P.) meal is more valuable as a food because 

 it contains a much larger i)ercentage of fat than new process 

 meal, and is also rich in protein. It makes a gooil feed for 

 moulting hens, as its oil, being readily assimilated, assists 

 in the formation of new feathers. It also has a beneficial 

 physiological elFect upon the digestive system and seems 

 to aid in the assimilation of concentrated rations. Because 

 of its laxati\'e tendencies, howc\er, it should not form over 

 10 per cent of the ration. It is undesirable for use in wet 

 mashes because it tends to gum up the mash, making it 

 difficult for the fowls to eat. 



The a\ erage amounts of the luitrients found in 101) pounds 

 i)f old ]irocess (O.P.j oil meal are 9.1 (9.6) i)0unds of water, 

 5.4 (,5.ti) ])ounds of ash, 33.9 (30.9) pounds of crude protein, 

 44.1 (45) jiounds of carbohydrates, of which S.4 (S.7) 

 ])ounds are filjer, and 7.5 (2.9) ])ounds are fat. The figures in 

 parentheses re])resent the amounts in tlie new process meal. 

 Its \itamin content depends somewhat on the process of 

 nianufacture. 



Red Dog Flour. — This is similar to middlings, but more 

 nearly approaches the patent grades of flour. It is richer 

 in gluten and has a wider nutriti\'e ratio. It is a valuable 

 feed when it can be secured at a reasonable price. Like mid- 

 dlings, it should be lightened up with some more bulky feed. 



I'ihoris {Wheal). — Sliorts are composed chiefly of the outer 

 portions of the wheat kernel which lie nearer the starch 

 than those which go to make up bran. It is practically fine 

 bran mixed with low-grade flour. Shorts usually contain less 



