58 EVOLUTION IN THE PAST 



Devonian genera had survived : and the outlook was not 

 very promising. In certain locaUties, however, some fishes 

 of this type measured from five to ten feet in length, and 

 were giants compared with earlier forms (Megalicthys, 

 Rhizodus). Others were more advanced in anatomy. An 

 improvement had been effected in the bony structure of the 

 skull ; and the tail was assuming a modern character. The 

 backbone was still of a gristly substance ; but certain 

 ossifications were going on within the body (Ccelacanthus). 

 Fishes of this well-equipped family held their own for a long 

 time. 



The fringe-finned ganoids, however, were fast losing, 

 importance in consequence of the rapid on-coming of their 

 ACTiNOP- " ray-finned " brethren. These more flexibly finned fishes 

 TERYGIAN ■ — sparsely represented in the Devonian — were now becom- 

 GANOIDS ing numerous and varied. Some were long, herring-Hke 

 forms (PalcBoniscidcB) ; others had deep and more or less 

 compressed bodies (Eurynotus, Cheirodus). In their case, 

 and indeed in the case of nearly all the ganoids, the end 

 part of the spinal column was upturned, and extended to the 

 extremity of the tail. The tail, therefore, was not of the 

 type best adapted for fleet swimming. Improvements in 

 this and other respects were in store. 

 AMPHIBIANS Fishes, progressing though they were, had ceased to be 

 in the van of vertebrate hfe. A momentous evolution, 

 originating no doubt in much earlier times, was now clearly 

 revealed by certain vertebrates possessing abihty to breathe 

 by lungs, at least in the adult state, and to crawl about on 

 land. Amphibians, in short, had been evolved ; and various 

 creatures resembling in form lizards, newts, and salamanders 

 were now on the scene. 

 (STEGOCEPHS) All these pioneers of higher fife are known as stegocephs, 

 as their skulls and cheeks were well " roofed " over with 

 continuous bony plates. Very little is known about the 

 early Carboniferous forms ; but towards the close of the 

 Period the animals were in evidence on several hnes of evolu- 

 tion. Some, of salamander shape, did not measure more than, 

 two or three inches in length. These were triangular-headed,, 

 large-eyed little creatures, weak in the limbs, and with. 



