200 EVOLUTION IN THE PAST 



horns and bones, as they possessed — what the earlier men 

 lacked — flakes of flint toothed on the edge. 



Besides reindeer, horses {E. cahallus) were slain and eaten. 

 Bison also were dragged back to the caves in triumph. Woolly 

 rhinoceroses were now and again victimised ; and even 

 mammoths were at times secured, and their curly tusks no 

 doubt set up as trophies. 



In some cases fishing was undertaken, apparently with 

 a sort of harpoon made of bone ; and salmon coming up 

 the rivers to spawn were occasionally captured. FowUng 

 was also carried on ; and the cave evidence shows that 

 ptarmigan, willow-grouse, capercaillie, and other species 

 of northern birds fell to the craft of the fowler. 



The Cave men, therefore, at least during some parts of 

 the year, lived weU ; and as they were acquainted with fire, 

 they probably cooked their food. 



The remains of bone needles prove that the art of sewing 

 was known. Probably reindeer sinew — another use of the 

 animal- — furnished the thread. 



There are grounds for beUeving that in some districts 

 the people daubed themselves with a mixture of grease and 

 red chalk. Pierced teeth and sea-shells give further evidence 

 of a love for personal decoration. Some of the shells used 

 were fossil, and may, indeed, have been prized on account 

 of their rarity. 



The artistic tastes, however, of the people were not ex- 

 pressed only in necklaces and body-painting. They were 

 well able to scratch pictures on horn, bone, and ivory ; 

 and numerous clever and spirited representations of mam- 

 moths, reindeer, and other animals of the chase have been 

 brought to light. There is also evidence that fresco-painting 

 was attempted in the cave-dwelHngs (Cretas, and Cogul in 

 Spain). 



It will be admitted, therefore, that the Cave men had 

 got well beyond the evolutionary stage in which attention 

 is focussed almost entirely on eating, drinking, and multiply- 

 ing. 



Quarrels may have been frequent. From remains dis- 

 covered in the Dordogne it is clear that one of the women 



