122 COFFEE. 



coffee, sugar, cotton, and tobacco, has been considerably improved 

 by the introduction of new machinery and improved processes." 

 The necessity for a division of labor is also recognized, and 

 planters in many instances cultivate coffee, leaving to others its 

 preparation for market. Central mills are being established by 

 companies and worked upon a plan similar to that in operation in 

 districts in this country where factories are placed for the manu- 

 facture of butter and cheese. 



The empire further recognizes its duty to its subjects by fosr 

 tering agricultural institutions. We find one institution where 

 the pupils are trained so as to make of them excellent over- 

 seers or managers of large rural establishments, and the best 

 assistants for the progress and improvement of agriculture. It is 

 fortunate that the emperor takes a great interest in all these 

 matters and devotes time and labor to bringing the schools to a 

 high degree of excellence, and in encouraging all manner of in- 

 dustrial enterprises. 



Coniirming these conclusions we have further and decisive 

 proof in the construction of electric telegraphs, lines of rail- 

 ways, and increased facilities for ocean navigation. The former 

 were introduced in 1852, and we now find that Brazil is in tele- 

 graphic communication with the United States and Europe, and 

 with the Argentine, Paraguayan, and Chilian Republics. The 

 starting of a line of steamships to the port of New York wrought 

 great changes in the coffee trade between the two countries. It 

 is, however, in the development of railway communication that 

 we find the greatest amount of work done, calculated to improve 

 the internal affairs of the empire. In 1867, there were only six 

 railroads in operation, of the aggregate length of 683 kilometres 

 (424 miles), but every year since then has added to the number 

 of miles built. Five years later fifteen lines were operated, with 

 1,026 kilometres (637 miles); in 1876, twenty-two lines, with 

 1,660 kilometres (1,031 miles); and in 1880, thirty-one lines, 

 with 3,059 kilometres (1,900 miles) were worked, while lines were 

 under construction, or survey, that would add 1,910 kilometres 

 (1,187 miles) to those then in traffic. 



The government has spent large sums of money in aid of 

 railways. The main line is known as the Dom Pedro II. Eailway, 



