APPENDIX. 267 



the tongues were confounded at the building of the Tower of 

 Babel, babies were not included, as they could hardly assist in the 

 building of the tower. In color the Japanese are principally of a 

 light copper-color, the better classes being somewhat lighter than 

 the peasantry, and the women of all classes lighter than the men. 

 Their hair is, almost without exception, of a glossy black, and is 

 usually coarse and strong. The women dress it most elaborately, 

 and much time is given to its care. With the men, the higher 

 classes usually wear it as Americans do, but others shave a space 

 about four inches wide, extending from the forehead back to the 

 crown, and wearing the rest of it long, it is gathered up in a sort 

 of queue, and, being carefully tied, projects from the back of the 

 head forward over the top. This style, however, savors some- 

 what of barbarism, and is discouraged by the government, which 

 has also prohibited the tattooing of men's bodies, which practice 

 was formerly quite prevalent, and was most elaborately done. 

 For beasts of burden they have oxen and horses, but these are 

 used as pack animals, there being no wheel vehicles used to any 

 extent among the Japanese ; indeed, nearly everything is carried 

 on the shoulders of men. Previous to the introduction of "^m- 

 rikshas" people were carried in " Jcagos,'" a sort of chair, slung on 

 long poles ; and now nearly everything, from vegetables and mar- 

 ket produce to earth and fertilizing material, is carried in baskets 

 or buckets slung on poles something like the neck-yokes used in 

 maple-sugar camps in the United States to carry the sap from the 

 trees to the boilers. " In Yokohama I saw a piece of low ground, 

 which was to be used for a building site, being filled in with earth 

 thus carried in baskets on men's shoulders a distance of several 

 squares ; and here in Nagasaki our steamer was coaled by a double 

 line of coolies (as the working class here is somewhat erroneously 

 called), composed of about an equal number of men and women, ex- 

 tending from the coal-jimk to the deck of the steamer, who quickly 

 passed small grass baskets filled with coal from hand to hand, and 

 thus kept up an almost continuous stream of coal, somewhat as 

 buckets of water are sometimes passed at a fire where there are 

 no engines. Everything is done in a small and ineffective way. 

 Lawns- are clipped with large shears ; the earth is cultivated in 

 miniature patches with great thoroughness and minuteness of de- 



