362 CHARACTERS OF INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS 



almost universally distributed, and British species are: — the 

 Black -veined White {Aporia cratcsgi), the Large White or 

 Cabbage Butterfly {Pieris brassicce), the Small White or Garden 

 White {P. rapes), and the less common Green -veined White 

 (P- napi); the beautiful little Orange Tip {Anthocharis carda- 

 mines), so named from the markings on the wings of the male; 

 and the handsome Brimstone Butterfly {Gonopteryx rhamni), with 

 angular outlines to the wings. 



The Swallow-tailed Butterflies, which rival the Whites in 

 their range of distribution, include numerous gorgeous tropical 

 species, and the common name has reference to the slender "tail'* 

 into which the posterior margin of each hind-wing is often pro- 

 duced. The type genus, Papilio, comprises over 300 species, 

 including our largest British form {Papilo machaon), now limited 

 to the fen district. The huge Bird-winged Butterflies {Ornithop- 

 tera) of the Malay region belong to the same family, though they 

 are without tails. 



The family of Blues and Coppers is represented in all parts 

 of the world, many of the tropical species being exceedingly 

 beautiful. Two common British species of small size may be 

 mentioned in illustration: the Common Blue {Polyommatus alexis) 

 and the Small Copper [Chrysophanus phlceas). 



2. Moths (Heterocera). — Moths are mostly nocturnal forms, 

 differing from Butterflies in many particulars, among which may 

 be mentioned the absence of knobs on the ends of the antennae, 

 and the habit of reposing with the wings spread out horizontally 

 or folded round the body. The body is often much thickened, 

 and the demarcation between thorax and abdomen is not well 

 marked. In most cases there is a special " hook-and-eye " 

 arrangement for uniting the wings during flight, and consisting 

 of one or more bristles at the root of the hind-wings, which fit into 

 a socket on the under side of the adjoining part of the fore-wings. 

 The larvae are either naked or more or less hairy, and may possess 

 as many pro-legs as those of Butterflies, or fewer. The pupae 

 are rounded in outline, usually enclosed in a cocoon, and in many 

 cases concealed underground. 



The group may be divided into (I) Large Moths, including 

 Hawk-Moths, Clear- Wings, Spinners, Owlets, and Loopers; and 

 (II) Small Moths, embracing Leaf- Rollers, Leaf-Miners, Plume- 

 Moths, and many others. 



