320 THE FRUIT GARDEN 



exquisite flavour that will yield from 6000 to 20,000 quarts per acre. There 

 are about 500 named varieties of good quality, and more are being raised every 

 year. Michel, Glen Mary, Crescent, Aroma, Bubach, Warfield, Marshall, 

 Williams, and Gandy are a few of the best. 



The Raspberry is another very common fruit in America. It grows wild 

 in many regions, but not everywhere. There are at least three species in 

 cultivation. Fewer raspberries are gathered in the wild state than of most 

 other berries, but not because they are poor flavoured or small. The first 

 cultivated raspberries were of the European species, but they were soon dropped 

 for the more valuable natives. By the selection of the best seedlings and by 

 crossing a very choice list of varieties has been developed. There are two dis- 

 tinct classes of raspberries in general cultivation. One is a native species, Rubus 

 occidentalis, which never spreads from the roots, but layers at the tips. The 

 fruit is either black or yellow. Some of the best varieties are Kansas, Ohio, 

 Eureka, M'Cormick, and Gregg, all of which are black. The other class is a 

 combination of our two species, R. strigasus and R. neglectus, and a few crosses 

 of the European species, R. Idaeus. The fruit is red or purple, except an 

 occasional yellow variety. Cuthbert, Columbia, Cardinal, Malboro, Loudon, 

 and Golden Queen are the leading varieties. The plants are set about 3 feet 

 apart in rows that are from 6 to 10 feet apart. Horse culture is used to keep 

 the soil loose and prevent the escape of moisture from the subsoil. Stable 

 manure is the common means of maintaining fertility. 



Blackberries are so abundant in the wild state that only within the last 

 fifty years have they been brought under cultivation. We have more than a 

 hundred named varieties of very choice quality, including the dewberries, which 

 are trailing species of the blackberry family. The upright blackberries are 

 grown in rows, as described for the raspberries. Sometimes they are mulched 

 with straw. Any coarse manure or litter is excellent. The Kittatimy, 

 Agawam, Minnewaska, Erie, Eldorado, and Snyder are a few of the best 

 varieties. The dewberries or trailing species ripen much earlier than the 

 other class, and although they are more troublesome to cultivate and train, they 

 are desirable because of their season of ripening. Lucretia, Mayes, and Windom 

 are among the best varieties. 



Gooseberries are only grown to a limited extent, because we have other 

 and better berries, and also because mildew affects the European ones. Our 

 native sorts are proof against this disease, but their fruit is small although of 

 good quality. The English and German gooseberries are being cultivated more 

 than formerly, because it has been discovered that spraying the bushes with a 

 preparation of sulphur will prevent the ravages of mildew. In some sections 

 gooseberries are grown in large fields and cultivated by horse-power, but usually 

 only as many are grown as each farmer may want for home use. Whitesmith, 

 Industry, Red Jacket, and many seedlings of native origin from both our own 

 and foreign species are grown. 



The Cranberry is a native of the bogs and marshes from the North 

 Atlantic coast to Alaska on the west. It loves a cool climate and plenty of 

 water. For many years no attempts were made to cultivate it, because the wild 



