viii INTRODUCTION 
point of view before rifles were so perfect and deadly as they 
are now and when the hunter had to wage his own life against 
that of his quarry, and could have small hope of success without 
the most intimate knowledge of the habits of wild animals. 
The modern hunters who must be genuine naturalists are 
those who attempt to photograph big game in their native 
resorts and those who wish to catch them alive and uninjured. 
English readers interested in Zoological Gardens will turn 
with avidity to the account Carl Hagenbeck gives of the 
Zoological Park at Stellingen. The fundamental conception 
which for long dominated the minds of those who had to do 
with the exhibition of living animals was a compromise be- 
tween the idea of a travelling menagerie and the idea of a 
museum. The: specimens were ranged in narrow and small 
cages so that they might be easily seen and compared. Iron 
bars and wire-work were everywhere in evidence, and so far 
as possible all draught and fresh air were excluded, and 
elaborate heating-systems were provided. In Hagenbeck’s 
Park, which is the result of his long experience, these old ideas 
are discarded. The animals are given shelters to which they 
can retreat,-and in these some amount of artificial heat is 
supplied in severe weather, but in every case room for exer- 
cise, abundant fresh air, and free exposure to rain and sun are 
provided for. Ido not think that there is any doubt as to 
these being the right lines, and all the more progressive 
Zoological Gardens have been trying to act on them. No 
doubt the ideal condition is the right temperature as well as 
relative freedom and exposure to fresh air, but if the choice 
has to be made, and it must be made in the cities of Europe 
and North America, then fresh air is enormously more im- 
portant than temperature, and animals that we are accustomed 
to think of as tropical thrive well and freely disport them- 
