124 BEASTS AND MEN 
furious attempts to seize his prey. Then the performance 
itself commenced ; the bull was first led into the big cage, and 
then, after a pause—during which the excitement of the 
audience reached fever-heat—the lion was let loose. With 
a roar the great cat hurled himself upon the bull and dragged 
it to the ground; for as a rule the bull makes but a poor de- 
fence. The Spaniards and the Portuguese were delighted with 
this bloody scene, the fame of which spread far aad wide. 
Kreutzberg made a great deal of money out of the show. 
Other animal trainers have attempted, both in Spain and 
in the south of France, to imitate this performance of Kreutz- 
berg’s, but without success. They did not go to work with 
the same ingenuity as Kreutzberg. Instead of exhibiting the 
fight in a cage, they usually employed a large arena for the 
purpose. Now when a lion or tiger is let out of his small 
cage into a large arena, he becomes nervous and embarrassed, 
and in his bewilderment quite forgets his hunger. On three 
occasions I have supplied lions for. these fights. In two cases 
the lion paid no attention to the bull, and the bull took no 
notice of the lion ; neither wished to come to closer quarters 
with the other. On the third occasion, however, the upshot 
of the performance was more exciting. The bull charged 
the lion and wounded him so severely that the king of beasts, 
after lingering miserably for several weeks, passed away to 
the shadowy hunting grounds of his fathers. 
But these barbarous methods of training animals are now 
no longer in vogue; they have become obsolete for this 
reason if for no other : that it is impossible to achieve by ill- 
treatment one-hundredth part of what can be done by 
humane and intelligent methods. With the lower animals, 
as with human beings, real insight into their character can 
only be obtained by treating them sympathetically. This 
essential fact, which is now understood by all successful 
animal trainers, ought in no way to surprise us, for the 
brute intelligence differs from the human in degree only, not 
in kind. Animals soon perceive whether they are being 
