54 GENUS PINUS 



variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it diflfers in its shorter leaves and yellow cone, but particu- 

 larly in the more prominent prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179). 



Plate XX. 



Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf -fascicles. Fig. 181, Magnified leaf- 

 section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. 



29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS 



1753 P. SYLVESTRIS Linnacus, Sp. PI. 1000 (excl. var.). 



1768 P. RUBRA Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 



1768 P. TATARiCA Miller Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 



1781 P. MUGHUS Jacquin, Icon. PI. Rar. i. 1. 193 (not Scopoli). 



1798 P. RESiNOSA Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton). 



1827 P. HUMiLis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171. 



1849 P. KocHiANA Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296. 



1849 P. ARMENA Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297. 



1849 P. PONTiCA Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297. 



1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409. 



1906 P. LAPPONiCA Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348. 



Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin- 

 ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, sym- 

 metrical or sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow of a gray 

 or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and often much more prominent on the posterior face 

 of the cone, the umbo with a minute prickle or its remnant. 



A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from Norway, Scotland and south- 

 ern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red 

 upper trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper trunk is sufliciently com- 

 mon to be considered a varietal form (Mathieu, Flore Forest, ed. 4,582). In various localities may 

 be found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various degrees of protuberance 

 up to the extreme development represented in Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. 

 Brit, iv, f. 2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in species with oblique 

 cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in 

 connection with this evolution. 



Plate XXI. 



Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified 

 dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 185, Habit of the tree. 



30. PINUS MONTANA 



1768 P. MONTANA Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 



1772 P. MUGHUS Scopoli, Fl. Cam. ii. 247. 



1791 P. pxnaiuo Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68. 



1804 P. MUGHO Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Meth. v. 336. 



1805 P. UNCINATA Ramond ex De CandoUe, Lamarck, Fl. Frang. ed. 3, iii. 726. 

 1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. PI. Pyren. 587. 



1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168. 

 1830 P. OBLiQUA Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159. 

 1837 P. ULiGiNOSA Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95. 



Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm very thick, hypoderm 

 weak ; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate, nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, 

 ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow or 

 dark brown, both colors often shading into each other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged 



