13 The Forest of the Ancients. 



Asia Minor; for Gedar to Cilicia; Paphlagonia, Liguria 

 and Mauritania became the great wood export countries. 

 It is interesting to note that a' regular wood market 

 existed in Rome, as in Jerusalem, and at the former 

 place firewood was sold by the pound (75c per 300 lbs., 

 in Cicero's time) . At the same time that the causes of 

 devastation were at work the forest area also increased 

 in some parts, recovering ground lost through wars and- 

 the neglect of farms, much less by active effort, although 

 planting of trees in parks, vineyards and groves was 

 early practiced to a limited extent. 



As to development of forest property we have also only 

 fragmentary information. 



Nomads do not know soil as property. When they 

 become settled farmers the plowland, the vineyard or 

 olive grove and orchard are recognized as private prop- 

 erty, but all the rest remains common properiy or 

 nobody's in particular; and even the private property 

 was not at first entirely exclusive. Hence for a long 

 time (and in some parts even to date) the exclusive 

 property right in forests is not fidly established. At 

 least the right to hunt over all territory without restric- 

 tion was possessed by everybody, although an owner 

 might prevent undesirable hunters from entering his 

 enclosed property. The setting aside of hunting grounds 

 for private use came into existence only in later Eoman 

 times. But woodland parks, planted or otherwise, like 

 the "paradises" of the Persian kings and the nemora 

 of the Eomans and Carthaginians were early a part of 

 the private property of princes and grandees from which 

 others were excluded. 



