Forest Utilization. 73 



veloped, we may cite the fact that in the Harz, about 

 1750, trees were dug with their roots, ia order to utilize 

 more of the body-wood and the root-wood. In 1757 we- 

 find stump-pulling machines described. 



In measurement of standing trees the circumference 

 at breast-height was measured with a chain, and for the 

 body-wood when felled the mean diameter was employed. 



As regards the felling time, specific advice is found in 

 many forest ordinances which recommend mostly win- 

 ter felling, stating the proper beginning and end of 

 the season by the phases of the moon, the rule being that 

 all white wood, for example conifers, beech and aspen 

 should be felled on the increase or waxing of the moon, 

 oak, at the waning, but coppice because it is desired to 

 secure a new growth, at the waxing moon. Prescription 

 was also made sometimes regarding the time by which 

 the removal of the wood from the felling area was to be 

 finished (May to June). 



Means of transportation were poor up to the end of 

 the period; snoWj as in the United States, was in the 

 Northern country the main reliance for moving the 

 wood. Eiver driving, both with, and without rafts was 

 well organized; various systems of log-slides .were de- 

 veloped to a considerable extent; in one place even an 

 iron pipe, 900 feet in length, is reported to have been 

 used in such capacity. 



Originally the consumer cut his own wood, but in the 

 middle of the 17th century special wood-choppers appear 

 to have been employed, for in 1650 mention is made 

 in Saxony of men who were placed under oath and 

 were organized for the exploitation of the different 

 classes of wood. A system of jobbers came into existence 



