96 Germany. 



bued with the necessity of basing forest management on 

 exact scientific inquiry, instead of on empiricism alone, 

 he formulated instructions for forest static investiga- 

 tions, a subject which his son, Gustav Heyer, elaborated 

 into a science. 



4. Progress in Silviculture. 



a. Natural regeneration continued to be the favorite 

 method well into this period, and for a long time selec- 

 tion forest and coppice were all that was known in prac- 

 tice until Hartig and Cotta forced recognition of the 

 shelterwood system. 



The only way in which a transition from the generally 

 practiced, unregulated selection forest to an iatensive 

 management was possible, with the ignorant personnel 

 of underf oresters, was to formulate into an easily intelli- 

 gible prescription the necessary rules, allowing the least 

 play to individual judgment. This was done by Hartig 

 when he formulated his eight "General Eules" (1808) 

 which coincided also closely with the teachings of Cotta. 

 Since these rules represent ia brief and most definitely 

 the status of silvicultural knowledge on natural regen- 

 eration at the time, it may be desirable to translate them 

 verhatim. 



(1) "Every forest tree which is expected to propagate 

 itself by natural regeneration must be old enough to 

 bear good seed. 



(3) "Every district or stand which is to be replaced 

 by a thoroughly perfect stand by means of natural re- 

 generation, must be brought into such position (density) 

 that the soil may everywhere receive sufficient seeding. 



(3) "Each compartment must be kept m such condi- 



