106 Germany. 



much older; Hossfeld, in 1834, and Jager in 1850, ad- 

 vocating them for financial reasons, while Koenig and 

 Pressler anticipated the development of an individual 

 tree management by pruning, and differentiation of final 

 harvest and nurse crop, a method which is working itself 

 out at the present time. 



5. Methods of Forest Organization. 



As stated before, to Hartig and Cotta belongs the 

 credit of having applied systematically on a large scale 

 methods of forest organization for sustained yield ; Har- 

 tig having been active in Prussia since 1811, and Cotta 

 beginning to organize the Saxon forests in the same year. 

 The method employed by Hartig, the so-called volume 

 allotment, had been already formulated and its foundar 

 tion laid by Kregting and others (although Hartig seems 

 to have claimed the invention) . But it was reserved to 

 Hartig to build up this method in its detail, and to 

 formulate clearly and precisely its application as well as 

 to improve the practice of forest survey, calculation of 

 increment and the making of yield tables. His method 

 involved a survey, a subdivision, a construction of 

 yield tables and the formulation of working plans, in 

 which the principle according to which the forest was 

 to be managed during the whole rotation was laid 

 down for each district. The rotation was determined, 

 divided into periods, finally of twenty years, and the 

 periodic volume yield represented by aU stands was dis- 

 tributed through all the periods of the rotation so as to 

 make the periodic felling budgets approximately equal; 

 or, since the tendency to increased wood consumption 

 was recognized, an increase of the felling budget toward 



