108 Oermany. 



the beginniiig of the next period. This idea of con- 

 fining the budget determination to a comparatively short 

 period is now generally accepted, the future receiving 

 only summary consideration. 



These methods of organization were the ones generally 

 applied in practice, and are still with some modifications 

 in practical use. About 1830, however, new theories 

 were advanced which led to the formulation of methods 

 based upon the idea of the normal forest. The con- 

 ception of a normal forest, with a normal stock, distri- 

 buted in normal age classes, so as to insure a sustained 

 yield management, was evolved in 1788 by an obscure 

 anonymous official in the Tax-collector's office of Austria. 

 This fertile idea, which is still the basis of forest organ- 

 ization in Austria and explains better than any other 

 method the principles involved in forest organization, 

 did not find entrance into forestry literature in all its 

 detail until 1811 when Andr6 compared this so-called 

 Gameraltaxe with Hartig's method of regulation. We 

 find, however, that simultaneously with the Austrian 

 invention of this method Paulsen (1787) proposed to 

 determine the felling budget as a relation between 

 normal stock and normal yield, and in his yield tables 

 (the first of the kind, 1795), he gives the proportion 

 of increment to normal stock in percentic relation, so 

 that the felling budget may be either expressed as a 

 fraction of the stock or as per cent ; in beech forests, for 

 instance, he determines the felling budget as 3.3% on 

 best sites, 2.5% on medium and 1.8% on poor sites. 



Probably stimulated by Andre's description. Ruler 

 (1812) developed a method and formula which may be 

 considered the foundation of the later development by 



