118 Germany. 



Prussia, the North German Federation instituted the 

 Zollverem (Tariff alliance). Import duties were, how- 

 ever, again established in 1879, and the policy of protect- 

 ing the established organized forest management against 

 competition by importations from exploiting countries 

 has been more and more recognized as proper in the re- 

 vision of tariff rates and railroad freight rates on the 

 government railroads. 



During the first decades of the century, the supply 

 question was uppermost, and although such men as 

 Pfeil (1816) laughed,at the idea of a wood famine, there 

 was good reason, prior to the development of railroads, of 

 coal fields, of iron and steel manufactures, etc., for dis- 

 cussing with apprehension the area and condition of sup- 

 ply and the extent of the consumption. ITevertheless 

 the attitude of the state toward private property was 

 much more influenced by the economic theories then 

 prevalent, which taught the ideas of private liberty to 

 which the French Revolution had given such forcible 

 expression. 



With the change of the different municipal communi- 

 ties into units or parts of political or state machines, 

 whereby independence in the management of their prop- 

 erty was secured, many of the old restrictions fell away. 

 Curiously enough, during the French domination under 

 Napoleon, the new masters, forgetting the spirit of the 

 revolutionary period, introduced the prescriptions of the 

 old French ordinance of 1669 which restricted the use 

 of communal property to the extent of excluding the 

 owners entirely from the management of their property, 

 placing it under government ofiBcers. After the French 

 withdrew, this method, of course, collapsed, although it 



