124 Germany. 



bedding and manure by substituting the litter raked 

 from the forest. Hartig and Hundeshagen were active 

 in the discussion of this subject as well as almost every 

 other forester, the discussion being, however, mainly 

 based on opinions. But after 1860 the subject became so 

 important both to the poor farming population and to 

 the forest, which was being robbed of its natural fertil- 

 izer, that a more definite basis for regulating its use was 

 established by analysis and by experiments at the experi- 

 mental stations. 



With the inauguration of the various methods of for- 

 est organization described before, there naturally went 

 hand in hand the development of methods of measure- 

 ment. Better forest surveys developed rapidly, the transit 

 generally replacing the compass and plane table. At this 

 period the necessity for books teaching the important 

 methods of land survey was met by Baur (1858) and 

 by Erafft (1865). This subject does no longer occupy 

 a place in forestry literature, the knowledge of it being 

 taken for granted. 



On the other hand the subject of forest mensuration 

 which formerly was generally treated in connection with 

 forest organization has developed into a branch by itself 

 and has been very considerably developed in its methods 

 and instruments, making a tolerably accurate measure- 

 ment of forest growth possible, although many imsolved 

 problems are still under investigation. Still late into 

 the century it was customary to measure only circum- 

 ferences of trees by means of a chain or band, although 

 an instrument for measuring diameters is mentioned by 

 Cotta in 1804 and by Hartig, 1808. Schoener and Rich' 

 ter are in 1813 described as inventors of the first "nni- 



