194: France. 



ticulier, with a lieutenant, a garde-marteoM, a garde 

 general, 2 arpenteurs and a number of gardes. A 

 financial branch for the handling of moneys and the 

 juridical branch represented by the three courts de- 

 scribed above completed the organization, which lasted 

 until the revolution. 



The sale of royal forests was agaia forbidden, pro- 

 viding penalties for the eventual purchaser. * Theft and 

 incendiarism were severely punished and rules of man- 

 agement were established. 



Cleariags could only be made by permission even on 

 the part of private owners. The methods of sale and 

 harvest were determined. The prescriptions of older 

 ordinances were renewed to the effect that at least 13 to 

 16 seed trees (balweaux) per acre in the coppice, and 8 

 seed trees in timber forest were to be reserved in aU 

 forests without exception. Private owners were not to 

 cut these seed trees before they were 40 years old ia 

 the coppice and 130 years in the timber forest, while in 

 the public and church forests these seed trees were treated 

 like reserves. Similarly the prescription that no woods 

 were to be cut before 10 years of age was revived from 

 former ordinances, the time later (1787) being in- 

 creased for public forests to 25 years. Also the obliga- 

 tion to keep one-fourth of the forest in reserve, which 

 Charles IX had decreed in 1560, was renewed for the 

 public forests (those belonging to corporations and other 

 public institutions) . 



There was lively opposition to the enforcement of 

 these prescriptions, especially where they interfered with 

 property rights, nevertheless they persisted until the 

 changes brought about by the revolution of 1789. 



