Forest School. 309 



In the direction of forest organization, it is stated by 

 Clave that in 1860 only 900,000 acres of the State 

 domain were under a regulated management, namely 

 380,000 acres in timber forest and 520,000 in coppice 

 with standards, leaving about 1,500,000 acres at that 

 time still merely exploited. The same writer states that 

 of the corporation or communal forests hardly any are 

 under management for sustained yield, and private 

 forest management is not mentioned in this connection. 



The method of forest organization employed, outside 

 of the crude determinations of a felling budget in the 

 selection forest, is an imitation of Cotta's area allotment, 

 with hardly any attempt of securing normality. 



6. Education and Literature. 



In the earlier times the service established was often 

 in incompetent hands; the offices of forestmasters were 

 purchasable, were given to courtiers as benefices, and 

 became hereditary. In aU these higher offices profes- 

 sional knowledge was unnecessary. The ignorance of the 

 subordinates was as great as that of their Grerman coun- 

 terparts, but lasted longer. Hardly any literature on the 

 subject of forestry developed before the 19th century and 

 educational institutions had to wait until the beguming 

 of that century. 



The first, and up to the present, only forest school, ^ 

 came into existence after a considerable campaign, di- 

 rected by Baudrillart, Chief of Division, Administration 

 Generale des Porets and professor of political economy, 

 in the Annates ForestiereSj the first volume of which ap- 

 peared in 1808, and in other writings as in his Diction- 

 naire des eaux et forets (1835), which led to the estab- 

 lishment of the forest school at Nancy in 1835. 



