RUSSIA AND FINLAND. 



While Germany and France were forced into the 

 adoption of forest policies through necessity, after the 

 natural woods had been largely destroyed or devastated, 

 Eussia started upon a conservative forest management, 

 long before the day of absolute necessity seemed to have 

 arrived. 



Indeed, even to-day Eussia is one of the largest ex- 

 porters of forest products in the world, its annual export 

 amounting to over thirty million dollars; and a vast ter- 

 ritory of untouched woods is still at her command, rep- 

 resenting roughly two-thirds of the forest area of 

 Europe. 



Les ForHs de la Russie-t Ministire de V Agriculture^ Paris Exposition 

 Universelle, igoo^ pp. igo^ gives a very detailed description of forest conditions^ 

 markets and management with a few historic points. 



Russland's Waldy by F, v. Arnold, Berlin, 1893, pp. 526, contains historic 

 notes and a profuse discussion of the law of 18S8. 



Tke Industries of Russia : Agriculture and Forestry^ issued by the De- 

 partment of Agriculture, Ministry of Crown Lands, at World's Columbian Expo- 

 sition, translated by J. M. Crawford, 1893, contains a chapter on Forestry by 

 RouDZSKi and Shafranov, professors at the Forest Institute, in 35 pp. 



Annual reports by the Russian Forest Administration are published since 

 i866. 



Four difEuse volumes, by John Croumbie Brown, treat of Russian conditions, 

 namely. 



Forests and Forestry in Poland^ Lithuania., etc, 1885 ; 

 Finland, its Forests and Forest Management, 1883 ; 

 Forestry of the Mining districts of the Ural Mountain, 1884 ; 

 Forests and Forestry of Northern Russia, 1884. 

 Numerous articles and reviews by O. GusB, scattered through the German 

 forestry journals, give insight into Russian forest conditions. 



An excellent idea of prevailing forestry practice can be gained from an ex- 

 tended article by Dr. Schwappach, Forstliche Reisebilder aus Russland in 

 Zeitschrift fur Forst-und Jagdwesen, 1902. 



For Finland an article by B. Ericson in Forstwissenschaf tliches Centralblatt, 

 1896, and another article by P. W. Hannikainbn in AUgemeine Forst und 

 Jagdzeitung, 1892, both native foresters, give considerable information. 



Finland: Its Pullic and Private Economy, by N. C. Frederiksbk, 1902, 

 306 pp. 



