343 India. 



mapped on the scale of 4 inch to the mile, the standard, 

 some smaller areas on smaller scale, at the rate of $25 

 per square mile. 



Silviculture. Silvicultural practices are naturally 

 but little developed. Protection against fire, grazing, 

 overcutting has been the first requisite. The unregu- 

 lated selection system with a diameter limit, which 

 Brandis introduced, still prevails mostly, although be- 

 ginnings of a compartment and group system in con- 

 verting miscarried selection forest of Deodar, Pine 

 and Sal have been made, or rather of an improved selec- 

 tion method, which seeks to secure reproduction in 

 groups. Clearcutting with seed trees held over is prac- 

 tised in the coniferous mountain forest. Coppice and 

 coppice with standards (reserves of sprouts) is a natural 

 condition over large areas, especially with Teak and 

 Sal. Even improvement cuttings or sowing on barren 

 hillsides, with remarkable success, are not absent. 



The attempts at securing reproduction, especially in 

 the truly tropic forests have often miscarried, inferior 

 species filling the openings. Girdling of inferior species 

 to favor the better classes has hardly had the desired 

 result. In the deciduous forest the same difficulty 

 of undesirable aftergrowth is experienced, deteriorat- 

 ing the composition, except in the case of the gregarious 

 Sal tree {Shorea rdbusta), the treatment of which for 

 reproduction has, after many failures, been well estab- 

 lished. Other gregarious species also can be satisfac- 

 torily reproduced. The culled and burned-over for- 

 ests, of which there are many, are re-habilitated in a 

 manner by merely removing the old overmature and 

 defective timber, with comparative success. 



