SHOEING. 139 
is made up of numerous horny damine, which are very soft 
and elastic-in their character. The sole is the ground 
surface of the hoof, anterior to the bars and frog. The 
bars are reflected processes of the wall passing obliquely 
across the bottom of the foot on either side of the frog, 
giving support to the heels. The internal surfaces are 
covered in part by horny amine or plates, but are less 
numerous in proportion to the surface covered than are 
those of the crust or wall. The wall is divided into 
the toe, the quarter, and the heel. The toe is the front 
part of the hoof, the quarters are the central parts of 
the wall on either side, and the heels are the posterior 
‘portions of the crust or wall, being the thinner and 
weaker parts. This horny case in its natural condition 
is quite elastic, thus preserving the whole animal frame 
from concussion. The frog is a triangular, elastic cush- 
ion situated between the bars, and filling up the entire 
triangular space between the quarters and heels, com- 
pleting the ground surface of the foot. The internal 
surface of the frog is very irregular, presenting three 
elevations and two depressions. The central ridge or 
division extends from before backward and upward. 
The two depressions between these ridges receive the 
soft cushion or ligamentous frog. The foot internally 
comprises -the coffin, navicular, ard lower part of. the 
coronary or small postern bones, also ligaments, carti- 
lages, the sensitive lamine, sole, and frog. The coronet 
or small postern bone is nearly square, presenting four 
surfaces, the upper, for articulating with the large pos- 
tern, having an elevation in its centre, forming with the 
large postern a kind of hinge-joint. By this arrange- 
ment strength is added to the parts. The lower sur- 
face is concave in the centre, which uniting with the 
coffin and navicular bones, forms another hinge-joint of 
