THE SMALL-ILEAVED ELM. 325 
into contact with water. In our dockyards, there- 
fore, it is valuable for many purposes, as for the 
keels of vessels, and for those parts of a vessel 
which are the most exposed to the action of 
water. It will admirably withstand alternations 
of dry and wet, and is useful, for instance, for 
pumps, troughs, water-gates, and water-wheels. 
The inner hark also of the present species pro- 
vides bast for mats and the material for ropes. 
Ulmus campestris is late in succumbing to 
autumnal influences, and as it retains its foliage 
until late in the season, turning meanwhile into 
rich hues of yellow, it helps to add a charm to 
the autumnal woodland. 
