THE SUMMITS 167 



as well as in those of the spruce and sub-alpine fir. In fact 

 most of them may be found at altitudes varying from 3,000 to 

 8,000 feet under moist and sheltered conditions at the same lat- 

 itude. 



Herbaceous plants of the sub-alpine zone, especially in the 

 open parks, are many and some of those collected by the ^vTiter 

 in different places in Montana are as follows: 

 Lonicera TJtahensis Claytonia megarrhiza 



Deschampsia atropiirpiirea Anemone parviflora 

 Phleum alpimim Pulsatilla occidentalis 



Carex atrata Draha crassifolia 



" Montanensis Mitella pentandra 



" Mertensii Parnassia fimbriata 



Scirpus trichophorum Dodecatheon pauciflorum 



Eriophorum gracile Epilobium Hornemamiii 



Eleocharis acicularis Pliacelia sericea 



Juncoides glabratum Mimulus Lewisii 



Xcrophyllum Douglasii " moscltata 



Veratrum Calif omiown Castilleja miniata 



Erythroninm gramdiflorum Erigeron macranthus 



Calochortus apiciilatus Arnica ventorum 



Spiranthes stricta 



Usually the whole of the above list may be collected in any 

 of the mountain parks of the Montana Rockies, in flower or 

 fruit between the middle of July and the middle of August. 

 Juncoides glabratum is conspicuous and abundant, forming a 

 veritable sod over large areas with grasses and sedges in the 

 wetter portions along the water courses and elsewhere, mingled 

 with Mimulus, Epilobium. and SpirantJies. In the dryer places 

 Erigeron is conspicuous along with Anemone, Castilleja, Ery- 

 throninm, Clayt07iia and many others in a riot of luxuriance and 

 color. On the slopes with better drainage Xerophyllum is dom- 

 inant plant, even on stony ridges and the older talus. Ery- 

 thronium grandiflorum , Calochortus apiculatus, Castilleja mini- 

 ata andErigeron macranthus of the above list, and others that 

 might be mentioned, are e(i[ually as abundant in many places at 

 altitudes of 3,000 to 4,000 feet as in the mountain parks at 

 6,000 feet or more elevation, though their flowering season is 

 from one to three months earlier. Erythronium in the vicinity 



