appeared in such numbers as to become of great importance m more 

 southern cities, as Baltimore and Washington. The fall webworm 

 (figs. 9, 10, and 11) was more abundant in Washington and the sur- 

 rounding country than it has been since the summer of 1886. 



These four insects are the principal shade-tree defoliators in the 

 Eastern States, if we except the imported gypsy moth, which is at 

 present fortunately confined to the immediate vicinity of Boston, and 

 is being cared for by a thoroughly capable State commission. While 

 the summer of 1895 may with justice be called an exceptional one as 

 regards the great increase of numbers, yet these insects are always 

 present and do a certain amount of damage each season, and, when an 

 exceptional season comes, as it did in 1895, city authorities seldom find 



themselves prepared to 

 engage in an intelli- 

 gent and comprehen- 

 sive fight. 



In cities farther 

 west other leaf-feed- 

 ers take the place of 

 those just mentioned. 

 The principal ones 

 are, perhaps, the oak 

 Edema, the cotton- 

 wood leaf-beetle, and 

 the green-striped ma- 

 ple worm. 



Several scale insects 

 or bark lice are occa- 

 sionally serious ene- 

 ,mflie mies to shade trees. 

 Maples suffer espe- 

 cially from their attacks. The cottony maple scale is found every- 

 where on all varieties of maple, and occasionally in excessive abun- 

 dance. The cottony maple leaf scale, a species imported from Europe, 

 is rapidly gaining in importance, and in sevei'al New England towns 

 it has, during the past season, seriously reduced the vitality of many 

 trees. The so-called "gloomy scale" has long been on the increase in 

 Washington, D. C. , and every year it kills large branches and even 

 entire trees of the silver maples, which are so extensively grown 

 along the streets of that city. 



Certain borers are also occasionally destructive to many shade trees, 

 and, in fact, in the northern tier of States these are the most important 

 of the shade-tree enemies, the principal leaf feeders being either absent 

 or becoming single brooded. Where absent their places are taken by 

 less destructive species. 



-Bagwonn at (a, 6, c) succeEisive stages of growth, 

 bag; d, female bag— natural size (original). 



