DISEASES or THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 



DESClilPTTON OF PLAIES. 



Plate I. Position of tlie first stomach (rumen or pauncli) on the left side. 

 The area is inclosed by heavy dotted lines represents the rumen; the 

 elongated, shaded oi'san is the spleen resting upon it. The skin and 

 muscles have been removed from the ribs to show the position of the 

 lungs and their relation to the paunch. 

 Plate II. Stomach of ruminants. 



Fig. 1. Stomacli of a full-grown sheep, i natural size (after Thanhoffer, 

 from R. Meade Smith's Physiology of Domestic Animals) : a, rumen, 

 or first stomach; /;, reticulum, nr second stomach; c, omasum, or third 

 stomach ; d, abomasum, or fourth stomach ; e, esophagus, or gullet, 

 opening Into the first and second stomachs ; /, opening of fourth stomach 

 into small intestine ; g, opening of second stoinach into third ; /(, open- 

 ing of third stomach into fourth. 



The lines indicate the course of the food in the stomachs. The incom- 

 pletely masticated food passes down the esophagus, or gullet, into tlie 

 first and second stomachs, in which a churning motion is kept up, 

 carrying the food from side to side and from stomach to stomach. 

 Prom the first stomach regurgitation takes place ; that is. the food is 

 returned through the gullet to the mouth to t)e more thoroughly che\\'eil, 

 and this constitutes what is known as " chewing the cud." From the 

 second stomach the food passes into the third, and from the third into 

 tlie foiirth, or true, stomach, and from there into the intentines. 



Fig. 2. Stomach of ox (after Colin, from R. Jleade Smith's Physiology of 

 Domestic Animals) : a, rumen; 6, reticulum; c. omasum; d, abomasum; 

 c, esophagus ; /, opening of fourth stomach into small intestine. 



Filrstenberg calculated that in an ox of 1.400 pounds weight the capacity of 

 the stomach is as follows : 



Per cent. 

 Rumen, 149.25 quarts, liquid measure 02. 4 



Reticulum, 23.77 quarts 10 



Omasum, 36.98 quarts 15 



Abomasum, 29.05 quarts 12. 6 



According to Colon — Quarts. 



The capacity of a beef's stomach is 266. 81 



Small intestine 09.74 



Cecum 9 51 



Colon and rectum 25. 58 



Plate III. Instruments used in treating diseases of digestive organs. 



Fig. 1. Clinical thermometer, J natural size. This is used to determine the 

 temperature of the animal body. The thermometer is passed into llie 

 rectum after having been moistened with a little saliva from the mouth, 

 or after having had a little oil or lard rubbed upon it to facilitate its 

 passage. There it is allowed to remain tA-io or three minutes, then with- 

 48 



