NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF EESPIEATOEY ORGANS. 93 



and the expiration is prolonged. The pulse is increased in frequency 

 and is hard. A characteristic, painful cough is present, but it is par- 

 oxysmal and incomplete. Auscultation and percussion greatly aid 

 us in a diagnosis. A normal sound is given on percussion. On aus- 

 cultation, in the early stages, rhonchus rales are detected if the 

 larger tubes are affected, and sibilant rales if the sjnaller ones are 

 affected. Later mucous rales are noted, and sometimes all sounds 

 in certain parts are absent, which is owing to the plugging up of the 

 tubes. This plugging, if extensive enough, is sometimes ' the cause 

 of death, or death may result from extension of the disease to the 

 lungs or pleura. 



Treatment. — The animal should be placed in a light, well-venti- 

 lated box, and the bowels kept in a soft condition by enemas, etc. 

 Violent purgatives should not be used. The body should be kept 

 warm by blanketing. In the early stages a draft composed as follows 

 should be given three times daily: Extract of belladonna, 2 drams; 

 solution of acetate of ammonium, 4 fluid ounces ; water, one-half pint. 

 In the later stage of the disease the following formula may be sub- 

 stituted and given twice daily: Carbonate of ammonium, 3 drams; 

 liquor hydrochlorate of strychnin, 2 flidd drams; spirits of nitrous 

 ether, 1 fluid ounce ; water, one-half pint. 



In some cases the following is preferable to either of the above, 

 and may be given in a pint of linseed tea every four hours : Spirits of 

 nitrous ether, \\ ounces; aromatic spirits of ammonia, 2 ounces; 

 powdered camphor, 2 drams. The feed should be light and nutri- 

 tious. 



Bronchitis is liable to become chronic if not properly treated in 

 the earliest stage. In this case remedial treatment is of little value. 



PLEURISY. 



Pleurisy is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the 

 chest cavity and enveloping the lungs. It is somewhat rare as an 

 independent disease, but it often complicates pneumonia; indeed, it 

 is often caused by the same germ that causes pneumonia — pneumo- 

 coccus. It may arise from exposure to cold or wet or from external 

 violence, and is usually present in some degree in cases in which the 

 ribs have been fractured with or without a penetrated wound. 



Sym])tom,3. — In the first stage there is great pain aggravated by 

 movement, and the animal is usually stiff as though foundered, the 

 pulse is quick and hard, the breathing abdominal, the chest being 

 fixed so far as possible, the inspiration short and jerky, the expiration 

 longer. The pain is caused by the friction of the dry, inflamed 

 pleural surfaces of the lung and chest on each other. At this stage 

 the ear detects a dry friction murmur, resembling somewhat the 

 sound made by rubbing two pieces of sole leather together. Pres- 



