NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF KESPIRATOKY OKUANS. 95 



various forms, however, can be differentiated only by the expert, and it 

 is therefore deemed necessary for the purpose of the present worlv to 

 treat the subject under the general head of pneumonia. 



The causes of pneumonia in general are the same as those of the 

 various other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. The 

 germ is called the pneumococcus. It mostly follows congestion of 

 the lungs, but may in rare cases have a parasitic origin. 



tSymptoTtis. — In the first stage, that of congestion, the disease is 

 usually ushered in Ijy a chill, although this may not always be 

 ol>served by the attendant. This is followed by an ele\"ation of tem- 

 peratuie, usually 105° to 106° F., or it may be even higher. The 

 lespirations are quick and shallow; the nostrils are dilated; the pulse 

 is full and hard. Cough may or may not appear in this stage. The 

 nose is hot and dry; the tongue sometimes protrudes and is slimy; 

 the coat is staring, and the skin dry and harsh. The urine is usually 

 diminished in quantity, high colored, and the bowels constipated. 

 The animal stands with the forelegs wide apart to facilitate respira- 

 tion. On auscultation crepitation will be observed over the portion 

 of the lung affected. The sounds elicted on i^ercussion are practi- 

 cally normal in this stage. 



In the second stage the temperature generally drojjs one or two 

 degrees, and respiration is performed with much difficulty. The 

 cough is frequent and painful. The animal still stands with the 

 forelegs wide apart and the elbows turned outward. If it assumes 

 the recumbent position it rests on the sternum. All secretions are 

 more or less suspended, particularly the milk in cows. The animal 

 has a haggard appearance, and the pulse becomes small and wiry at 

 this period. The extremities are hot and cold alternately ; the crepi- 

 tation which was present in the first stage is now absent, and no 

 sound on auscultation is heard, unless it is a slight wheezing or 

 whistlin'g noise. On percussion dullness over the diseased lung is 

 manifested, indicating cons<ilidation. The lung has now assumed a 

 characteristic liverlike appearance. 



In the third stage, if the disease is to terminate favoj'ably, the 

 cough becomes loose, the animal improves, the appetite returns, and 

 the symptoms above detailed rapidly subside ; if, on the other hand, 

 resolution is not progressing, the lung substance is broken down, is 

 heavy, and sinks in water. In fatal cases the breath has a peculiar, 

 fetid, cadaverous odor, and is taken in short gasps; the horns, ears, 

 and extremities become cold and clammy, and the pulse is impercep- 

 tible. On ausculation, when suppuration is taking place and the 

 lung structure is breaking down, a bubbling or gurgling crepitation, 

 caused by the passage of a*ir through pus, is heard. 



TreatTnent.—GooA hygienic surroundings and gond nursing are 

 essential in connection with the medical treatment. The ]M'obability 



