128 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



upper wall of the bludder in the female, or througli the floor of the 

 rectum (last gut) and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally 

 through the lower and back part of the abdominal wall, just in front 

 of the bones of the pehis (pubic bones), thence through the lower 

 and anterior part of the bladder near its blind anterior end. After 

 relief has been obtained the administration of belladonna in 2-dram 

 doses daily for se\-eral days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the 

 retention. 



When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed 

 by overdistention, we may seek to restore its tcne by doses of one- 

 half a dram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily, ami by mus- 

 tard plaster applied over the loins, on the back part of the belly 

 inferiorly, or between the thighs. Small doses (2 drams) of balsam 

 of copaiba are sometimes useful in imjDarting tone to the partly 

 paralyzed organ. 



INCONTINENCE OF URINE (PALSY OP THE NECK OF THE 



BLADDER). 



This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of the 

 spinal cord or from broken back, and in these cases the tail, and per- 

 haps the hind limbs, are liable to be paralyzed. In this case the urine 

 dribbles awaj' constantly, and the oiled hand in the vagina or rectum 

 will feel the half-filled and flaccid bladder beneath and may easily 

 empty it by pressure. 



Treatment. — Treatment is only successful when the cause of the 

 trouble can be remedied. After these (spiains of the back, etc.) have 

 recovered, blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the 

 abdomen, or between the thighs may be resorted to with success. 

 Two drams of copaiba or of solid extract of belladonna or '2 grains 

 Spanish flies daily may serve to restore the lost tone. These failing, 

 the use of electric currents may still prove successful. 



URINARY CALCULI (STONE OR GRAVEL). 



Stone or gravel consists of ha]-<l bodies mainly made up of the solid 

 earthy constituents of the urine which have crystallized out of that 

 liquid at some part of the urinary passage, and have remained as 

 small particles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses (stone 

 calculus). (See PI. XI, figs. 1, 2, 3.) In cattle it is no uncommon 

 thing to find them distending the practically microscopic tubes in 

 the red substance of the kidney, having been deposited fi-om the 

 urine in the solid form almost as soon as that lic{uid has been 

 separated from the blood. These stones appear as white objects 

 on the i-ed ground formed l>y cutting sections of the kidney, and 

 are essentially products of the diy feed of winter, and are most 



