CORVIN/E. 93 



Poland, and the Crimea^ which in turn intergrades on the one hand 

 with 



Sitta cassia europaea in Scandinavia, a slightly larger bird (wing 

 3-35 to 3*5 in.) with nearly white breast ; and on the other with 



Sitta ciBsia uralensis in Northern Siberia, a small bird (wing 2*9 

 to 3'2 in.) with pure white underparts, which intergrades on the 

 one hand with 



Sitta ccBsia albifrons in Kamtschatka ; a small bird, with the head 

 and nape slightly paler, the forehead white, and the greater wing- 

 coverts tipped with white. 



On the other hand it intergrades with 



Sitta ccBsia amurensis, which only differs from Sitta ctesia homey eri 

 in having the smaller dimensions of Sitta ccesia uralensis. This race 

 inhabits the valley of the Amoor, Manchuria, and Southern Japan, 

 and doubtless intergrades with 



Sitta cwsia sinensis in China and Eastern Thibet, a race which 

 only diflfers from the typical form in being slightly smaller (wing 

 2-9 to 3-0 in.). 



The Nuthatches from Southern Japan have the throat and upper 

 breast white, and the lower breast and belly pale chestnut, and may 

 be regarded as Sitta c<esia amurensis. 



Those from Yezzo are intermediate between Sitta ctpsia uralensis 

 and Sitta cassia albifrons, but are so near to the former that they 

 may be reasonably included in that race, though Dr. Stejneger has 

 called them Sitta amurensis clara (Stejneger, Proc. United States 

 Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 393) . Those from the Kurile Islands are also 

 intermediate between Sitta caesia uraleneis and Sitta ctesia albifrons, 

 but are so near the latter that even Dr. Stejneger has not thought 

 it necessary to create a new subspecies for their reception. 



CORVINE. 



Sexes alike; young in first plumage the same, but paler; first 

 primary more than half the length of the second ; nostrils concealed 

 by feathers. Very doubtfully distinct from the Parinse. 



The Corvinse scarcely number 200 species, of which 12 occur in 

 Japan. The subfamily may be regarded as cosmopolitan. 



