122 PASSERES. 



there are nine from the neighbourhood of Yokohama. The examples 

 procured by the Siebold expedition were probably obtained at Naga- 

 saki (Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica; Aves, p. 93) . 



The Common Crossbill breeds in the pine-forests of Arctic Europe 

 and Asia from Ireland and Scotland to Kamtschatka and Japan, 

 wandering more or less irregularly southwards in winter. 



95. CHAUNOPROCTUS FERREIROSTRIS. 



(BONIN GROSBEAK.) 



CoccothraVsStes ferreirostris, Vigors, Zool. Joum. 1828, p. 354. 



The Bonin Grosbeak has a thicker bill than any other Finch. 

 The female is a brown bird above and below, but the male is suffused 

 with crimson on the head and underparts. 



Figures : Vigors, Beechey's Voyage of the ' Blossom,' pi. 8. 



The Bonin Grosbeak was discovered on one of the Bonin group 

 during the voyage of the ' Blossom,' and the types are now in the 

 British Museum (Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xii. p. 31). It was 

 rediscovered some years later, and redescribed as Fringilla papa 

 (Kittlitz, Mem. pres. k I'Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersb. 

 par divers savans, 1830, p. 239) ; but it is not known that it has been 

 obtained by any recent traveller, though Mr. Hoist heard that it 

 was to be found on the Bailly Islands (Seebohm, Ibis, 1890, p, 102). 



The Bonin Grosbeak is probably related to the Pine- Grosbeak, 

 and may possibly have originated in a flock of those birds which 

 emigrated from the Arctic Regions many thousands of years ago, 

 and which have gradually adapted themselves to the changed condi- 

 tions of life. 



Its nearest relation appears to be Telespiza cantans from Medway 

 Island, about 300 miles north-west of the Hawaiian or Sandwich 

 Islands, where another not distantly allied species occurs, Psittirostra 

 psittacea. 



96. PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR. 



(PINE-GROSBEAK.) 



Loxia enuchator, Liimeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 299 (1766). 



The Pine-Grosbeak is a large Rose-Finch (wing from carpal joint 

 nearly 4| inches), with a somewhat hooked beak. The colour varies 



