CONTENTS 



INTEODUOTOEY CHAPTEK. 

 lY^eat o£ the Study— Illustration 



p.l 



CHAPTER II.— BouiTOAniES Defined. 

 Organ— Mineral Mnsses — Mineral defined— Animal— Animal defined— Distinc- 

 tions between Organic and Inorganic Forms — ^between Animal and Vege- 

 table—Organized being defined pp. 1, 2 



CHAPTER III.— The Prtmitite Cells. 



Aspects of the Science — Structural and Physiological Botany — ^Vegetable 



Anatomy— First Form of tho Cell— Basis of Vegetable Forms— The Cell : its 



Appearance, Structure, Form, Life, Growth, and Multiplication— Parencby- 



ma— Oiig^n of the Cell — Cellular System pp. 2—6 



CHAPTER IV.^TllANSFOPvMATIONS OP THE CeLLS. 



Secondary Deposit— Gritty Tissue— "Woody Fibre— Gland ular-lVoody Tissue- 

 Bass Tissue. Ducts : Dotted, Spiral, Annular, and Bcalariform — Prosenohy- 

 ma^-Universal Organic Constituents— Vertical System— Laticiferous Tis- 

 BUQ pp. 6—8 



CHAPTFR v.— Contents of the Cells. 

 Four Simple Elements— Sap— Classification of Products. Teenaet Peo- 

 DTTCTs: Starch — Dextrine— Sugar— Mucilage— Essential Oils— Resins, Gums, 

 and Balsams— Caoutchouc— Fixed Oils— Wax— Chlorophylle-Chromule- 

 Vegetable Acids. Qitakteenart Peodttots: Albumen— Legumine— Gluten 

 — Alkaloids— Crystals— Silox— Great Silicious Accumulations pp. 8—11 



CHAPTER VII.— The Epideemis. 



Subject defined and described. Epidermal Appendages : Btomata — Hairs — 

 Pubescence— Glands— Stings— Prickles— Intercellular Stystem pp. 11, 12 



CHAPTER VIII.— Pkogressite Development. 

 Unicellular Plants— Rounded Cell— Branching Cell— Cells in Linear Series- 

 Branching Series — Mushrooms — Frondose Forms — Thallus — Caulescent 

 Forms — Gradual Advancement of Organism— Reproductive Organs of Liver- 

 worts— Mosses— Calyptra— Cellular Orders of Plants— First Development of 

 Fibre— Ferns PI>. 12— IT 



. CHAPTER IS. — Primitive Division of Plants. 



Oryptogamia—Phcenogamia— Distinctions between Cryptogamous and Phffino- 



gamous Plants— Spores-Distinctions between Spores and Seeds- Progressive 



Characters of Plants— Highest Development of Use and Beauty in the Pha3- 



nogamia— Wealth and Beauty of the Vegetable World pp. IT— 20 



CHAPTEK X.— Organs of Vegetation. 



First Impulses of Life— Organs of Vegetation — Descending Axis— Ascending 



Axis— Embryo — Parts of the Embryo — Raflicle — Plumule— Cotyledons — 



First Subdivision of Planta-Monocotyledones— Dicotyledones— Number of 



Cotyledons — Acotyledones — Germination — Instructions to the Student. 



pp, 20—22 



CHAPTER XI.— The Descending Axis. 

 Subject defined — Elementary Composition of the Rootr-Organography. Oe- 

 OANOGRAPHT OP THE RooT I Parts defined — Primitive Root- Secondary 

 Boots— Fibrils. Root Forms : Branching— Fibrous— Granulated-Fusiform 

 — Napiform— Conical— Tuberous—Premorse-Fascicled. Periods of Dura- 

 tion: Annual Roots— Biennial— Perennial— Herbaceous Stems. . .pp. 22—25 



CHAPTER XII.— SoTJECBS of Nutriment. 



Normal Position of the Root — Aquatic Roots — Aerial Roots— Banian— Parasitic 

 Roots— Green Parasites— Pale Parasites— One-fiowered Parasites— Epiphitic 

 Roots— Air Plants— Vegetable Physiology pp. 25—27 



CHAPTER XIII.— Physiology of the Root. 

 Mode of Growth in the Root. Functions op the Root: Mechanical Fix- 

 ture— Absorption— Exosmose and Endosmose— Theory Explained — Experi- 

 inent— Application— Evidence of Exosmose^Vital Principle— Choice of 

 Nutriment. pp. 27—30 



CHAPTER XIV.— The Btro. 

 Subject defined — Structure of the Bud — Grafting, Layering, and Budding — 

 Development of the Plumule — Nodes — Internodes — Division of the Stem — 

 Arrangement of the Branches— Disturbances of Symmetry — ^Undeveloped 

 Buds — Latent Buds — Adventitious Buds — Superfluous Buds — Thorns — Dis- 

 tinction between a Thorn and Prickle— Tendril pp. 30—33 



CHAPTER XV.— The Stem oe Ascending Axis. 

 Subject defined — Distinctions of the Stem and Root — Stem Universal in 

 the Phienogamla — Elementary Composition— Component Parts pf Wood. 

 Anatomy of tiui: Stem: Constituent Parts— The Pith — The Medullary 

 Sheath — Medullary Rays — Structure of Wood — Liguino — Heart-wood and 

 Sap-wood— Alburnum— Cambium Layer. Baek: Liber— Cellular Envelope 

 —Corky Envelope— Cortical Layer in the Birch- Cork— Continuity of Bark 

 and Wood pp. 33- 3T 



CHAPTER XVI.— The Stem : its mode op Growth. 



Most obvious Division of Stems— Tree defined— Shrub— Under-Sh rub— Herb— 

 Exogens and Endogens — Exogenous Structure — Endogenous Structure — 

 Lateral Buds — Palms — other Endogenous Forms— Distinctions between Ex- 

 ogens and Endogens. Aerial Modifications of the Stem: Caulis — ^Trunk 

 — Culm— Scape— -Sucker — Runner— Offset — Stolon — ^Vine— Twiners — Cleav- 

 era— Reclining Stems pp. 87 — ■iO 



CHAPTER XVIL— The Stem: Subterranean Forms- Functions. 

 Scaly and Creeping Roots — Tubfir — Bulb — Bulblets — Corm — Rhizoma — Creep- 

 er—Functions of the Stem- Circulation and Elaboration of Sap— Progress ol 

 the Cambium, and its Effects pp. 40—43 



CHAPTER XVIIL— The Leap. 



Organic Parts of the Leaf— Normal Position of the Leaf— Upper Surface — 

 Lower Surface— Effect of the Light on the Upper Surface of Leaves — Under 

 Surface— Phenomena induced by the same — Epidermis — Stomata- Position 

 of the Stomata— Prefoliation. Pebfoliation in tue Single Leaf: Condu- 

 plicate— Convolute— Revolute— Involute — Plaited — Circinate. Prefolia- 

 tion of more than ONE Leap: Ob volute— Supervolute—Equi tan t — Imbri- 

 cated. Arrangement of Leaves : Alternate — Opposite — Verticillate — ^Ve- 

 nation — Mid-vein — Veins — Veinletfi — Veinulets—Rib»— Nerves. Modes of 

 Venation : Reticulated — Radiate — Feather-veined — Parallel— Forked. 



pp. 43—40 

 CHAPTER XIX.— Leaf-forms. 



Origin of Form — Simple Leaf— Orbicular — Ovate — Obovate — Oblong — Oval — 

 Diamond-form — Cordate — Beniform — Lanceolate — Spatulate — Sagittate — 

 Hastate -Auricled — Clasping — Acerose — Perfoliate — Connate — Sinuate— Ly- 

 rate — Pinnatifid — Euncinate — Linear — Pedate— Palmate — Peltate— Oblique 

 ^En&iform — Decurrcnt Compound Leaf-forms: Pinnate — Temate — 

 Leaflets — Common Petiole — Petiolnla. Pinnate Leaves Winged : Ter- 

 minally— Abruptly^Interruptedly—Cirrhose-Bipinnate-Tripinnate — Dig- 

 itate Leaf, Ternate Leaf : Bitemate — Triternate. Leap Margin : En- 

 tire — Serrate — Dentate — Eepand — Crenate — ^Laciniate — Incised — ^Dissected — 

 Frilled— Spin escent—Erose. Leaf Summit : Acute— Obtuse— Acuminate — 

 Mucronate—Retuse-Emarginate— Truncate. Petiole: Stipulate — Alate — 

 •Clasping— Round — Sessile Leaf pp. 46—51 



CHAPTER XX.— Leap Modifications. 



Abnormal Developments — Pbyllodia — ^Ascidia — Dionoea — Dischidia. Stipules : 



Coherence— Adn ate — Intrafoliaceous — Interpctiolar — Spinescent — Ligules, in 



the Fennel tribe- Stipulate— Exstipulate — Stipels. Bracts : In the Comus 



— Lime-tree — Glume — Palese — Compositse — other forms pp. 51— 6-i 



