164: 



OEDEE LXm. BIPSACEM — TEASEL-FAMILY. OEDEE LXIV. COMPOSITJE COMPOSITE-FAJMILY. 



1. GALIUM. 

 Calyx minute, with 3-^4 teeth. Corolla rotate 3 — 4 cleft 

 Stamens 3 — 4 short. Styles 2. Fniit consisting of 2 united 1- 

 seeded, indehiscent capsules. Stem 4-angled. Leaves yerti- 

 gillate. JPer. 



1. G, asprellum. jRougJi Cleavers. 



stem weak, very branching, prickly backwards, supporting itself by its 

 prickles; leaves in verticels of about 6 on the main stems, and 4 on the bran- 

 ches, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acuminate, with the mid-vein and 

 margin prickly backwards; peduncles short, 2 — 3 flowered ; flowers numerous, 

 minute, white ; fruit mostly smooth. A common plant in low grounds and 

 thickets, climbing 4 — 6 ft. over shrubs and other plants by means of its hooked 

 prickles. J'tdy. 



2. Gr. trifidum. Goose-grass. 



stem slender, decumbent, or nearly erect, weak, rough backward ; leaves 

 in whorls of 4—6, oblong-linear, or oblanceolate, obtuse, with rough margins; 

 peduncles 1 — 3-flowered ; pedicels slender ; flowers white ; the parts mostly in 

 8% minute ; fruit smooth. A common slender species, 4' — ^18' high, in wet 

 grounds and swamps. Very variable. 



Two varieties are found. Var. 1st Tinctdrium. Earlier leaves in 6's; 

 those of the branches in 4's; root red, and is said to yield a permanent dye of 

 tbat color. The plant is hence sometimes called " Dyers' Cleavers." 



Var. 2d. Obtiisum. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse. Parts of the flowers in 

 4's. Jun^ — Aug, 



3. G. aparine. Common Cleavers. 



stem weak, reclining, prickly backward, hairy at the joints ; leaves about 3 

 in a whorl, lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the edge and mid-vein ; peduncles 

 axillary,! — 2-flowered; flowers small, white; i^'uit large, hispid, with hooked 

 prickles. An annual species, with stems 2 — 6 feet long, found in damp thick- 

 ets. Jmie. 



4. Gt. trifiorum. Three-flowered Cleavers. 



stem weak, procumbent, or prostrate, rough backward on the angles ; leaves 

 mwtly in 6'8, oval-lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the mar^n ; peduncles 8- 

 flowered ; flowers pedicellate, greenish ; fniit hispid, Common in moist woods. 

 Stem 1—3 feet long. Jahj. 



5. G. boreale. Northern Cleavers. 



stem erect smooth ; leaves in 4's, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth ; flow- 

 ers in a terminal, pyramidal, elongated panicle, white, small; fruit' small, his- 

 pid. A species found on rocky banks of streams, distinguished from others of 

 its tribe by the panicle of flowers* July. 



6. G. circsezans. Wild Licorice. 



stem erect, or ascending, mostly smooth, nearly or quite simple ; leaves in 

 4's, ovate-lanceolate, or oval, generally obtuse, 3-veined, nearly smooth, ciliate; 

 peduncles few-flowered, with mostly 2 divaricate branches and remote flowers, 

 on short pedicels ; flowers dark purple; fruit hispid. Common in woods, 6' — 

 12' high. The leaves have a sweetish taste, similar to that of licorice, and hence 

 its common name. July. 



2. MITCHfiLLA. 

 Flowers in pairs, with united OYaries. Calyx 4-parted. Co- 

 rolla funnel-shaped, bearded within, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted 

 on the corolla. Stigmas 4. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with 

 the calyx-teeth of both flowers. 



1. M. repens. Partridge-herry. 



Evergreen; stem creeping; leaves dark green, roundish-ovate, petiolate, op- 

 posite, with minute stipules ; flowers white, or tinged with rose, fragrant, pe- 

 dunculate 2 together, on a double ovary ; berries small, bright red, edible but 

 dry, persistent through the winter. A very pretty creeping plant in woods, 

 with dark green, coriaceous leaves, which are usually marked with whitish 

 linos. Common. June — July. 



3. hedt6tis. 



Caljrs: 4-parted, persistent, inserted on the corolla. Stigmas 

 2. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 



1. H. coeralea. Innocence. 



Smooth; stem slender, dichotomous ; radical leaves spatulate, petiolate ; 

 cauUne ones opposite, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, small; peduncles long, filiform, 

 I— 2-flowered ; corolla pale blue, fading to white, with a yellow base, somewhat 



salver-forra. Avery delicate and elegant little plant 2'— 8' high. In mois* 

 grounds and grassy fields, growing in dense patches. Very common. Aprils 

 Sept. 



4 CEPHALANTHUS. 

 Calyx limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed 

 Stamens 4. Style filiform, much exserted. Stigma capitate. 



1. C. occidentdlis. Button-hush. 



Leaves oval, entire, smooth, acute, petiolate, opposite, or in verticels of 3-, 

 with short stipules; flowers in large, terminal, globose, pedunculate heads, 

 white. An elegant shrub, with smooth branches and foliage, distinguished 

 from, all others by its globular heads of flowers. Common in wet grounds, along 

 streams, and on the borders of ponds. July. 



Oedee LXIII. Dipsacese. — Teasel-family, 



1. DlPSACUS. 

 Flowers in heads. Involucre many-leaved, longer than the 

 bracts of the flower ; each flower with a 4-leaved involucel. 

 Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Sta- 

 mens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Per. 



1. D. sylvestris. Teazel. 



Prickly; leaves lanceolate-oblong, connate, toothed, or entire, opposite* 

 heads cylindrical ; leaflets of the iiivoiucre slender, longer than the head, bent 

 inwards; bracts terminating in a lung straight awn; flowers blue. A prickly 

 plant, ^ — 4 feet high, naturalized In waste places. Very abundant in N. York, 

 along the Erie canal. July. 



Oedee LXIV. 



Comp6sit9e.- 



fainily. 



-Composite- 



8YN0PSIS OF THE GENEEA. 



Suborder I. Tubulifl^rse. 



Flowers either with tubular corollas, or only the marginal ones ligulatc and 

 pistillate or sterile. 



A. Flowers all tubular, 

 a. Leaves all alternate. 



Group. 1. 

 Marginal and central flowers similar, and all perfect Leaves not prickly. 



1. VEKNdNiA. Heads erect, many-flowered, in corymbs. Pappus double 

 Eeceptaclc naked. Achenia cylindrical. 



4. LiItris. Heads erect few to many-flowered, in elongated racemes 

 Pappus plumose. lieceptacle naked. Achenia tapering at base. 



30. Senecio. Heads nodding, loosely corymbose. Eeceptacle not chaffy. 

 Pappus simple, soft, capillary. 



43. Xerantiiemum. Heads large, terminal, solitary, erect Disk flowere 

 yellow, surrounded by a conspicuously-colored involucre. Ivcceptacle chafly. 

 Pappus cliafFy. 



46. Lappa. Heads erect, irregularly panicled. Involucre scales tipped 

 with hooked prickles, pappus bristly. Eeceptacle bristly. 



Group 2. 

 Marginal and central flowers both similar and perfect Leaves prickly. 

 42. CARTnAMUS. Heads orange colored. Eeceptacle covered with setace- 

 ous cbaff. Pappus none. 



44. Onopoudon. Heads purple. Eeceptacle deeply alveolate. Papptia 

 mostly capillary, not plumose. Achenia 4-angled, \vrinkled. 



45. C'lRSiuM. Heads purple, or yellowish-white. Receptacle bristly. Pap- 

 pus plumose. Achenia compressed, smooth. 



Group 3. 

 Central flowers perfect Marginal flowers pistillate, 



15. PL-frcHBA. Heads purple, corymbed. Central corollas 5-cIeft; marginal 

 ones filiform, truncate. Eeceptacle flat Pappus capillary. 



31. Artemisia, Heads small, in more or less paniculate racemes. Eecep- 

 tacle nearly flat Pappus none. 



82. Tanacetum. Heads yellow, in flat-topped corymbs. Eeceptacle con- 

 vex. Pappus reduced to a small membranous border. 



83, Gkapiialium. Heads yellowish-white, surrounded by scarious, white, 

 or colored involucre-scales, in several rows, densely clustered, or corymbed. 

 Eeceptacle flat "Woolly herbs. 



85. EEicHTiTES. Heads whitish, in a dense paniculate corymb* Involucre 



