THE EXTERNAL FORM OF ANTHROPOID APES. 13 



But H. von Natlmsius maintains that we must take 

 both sexes into consiileration in the study of 

 domestic animals, since both are needed to determine 

 the breed.* I accept this condition in the scientific 

 study and description of wild animals also, of every 

 kind and species. All that is said of the universal 

 type of the female animal is and must remain in my 

 eyes a mere p];irase. Only the accurate observation 

 of males and -females, and of young individuals of 

 both sexes, can throw sufiScient light on the history 

 of the race. The male animal is the larger, and 

 predominant with respect to the complete develop- 

 ment of certain peculiarities of form in the specific 

 organism, since these are doubtfully present in the 

 adult female, and are either altogether absent in the 

 immature young, or only rudimentary. 



Let us now consider, in the first place, the proto- 

 type of the species, the aged male gorilla in the 

 full strength of his bodily development (Fig. 1). 

 This animal, when standing upright, is more than 

 six feet in height, or 2000 mm. The head is 

 300 mm. in length. The occiput appears to be 

 broader below than above, since the upper part 

 slopes like a gabled roof towards the high, longitu- 

 dinal crest of the vertex. The projecting supra- 

 orbital arches start prominently from the upper 

 and central contour of the skull. In this species, 

 as in other apes, and indeed among mammals 

 generally, and especially in the case of the car- 

 nivora, ruminants, and multi-ungulates, eyebrows 



* Vcnirdge iiher Viehzucht und Rassenkenntniss, i. 61 : Berlin, 

 1872. 



