SUMMARY. 299 



Sansan were broken by the hand of man, and 

 Diicker expressed a similar belief about the fossils 

 of Pikermi. These ideas have been strongly opposed. 

 Many of the marks on these bones have been re- 

 presented to bear traces of the teeth of carnivora, 

 rodents, etc. The Abbe Bourgeois found flints in 

 the Miocene of Thenay, near Pont-Levoy, Loir-et- 

 Cher, of which he ascribes the working to beings 

 of a higher intelligence than the animals of that 

 period. This opinion is shared by eminent anthro- 

 pologists, such as Yibraye, Worsaae, Mortillet, de 

 Quatrefages, and Hamy. Gaudry does not doubt 

 the accuracy of the account given of their position 

 at Thenay, by so experienced a geologist as 

 Bourgeois. The illustrious observer of the quater- 

 nary epoch is only concerned with the question 

 whether these flints at Thenay were artificially 

 worked or not. The stones were found in a layer of 

 the same kind of rubble. When a number of such 

 flints are placed together, only a few people can 

 discover an incontestible distinction between the 

 artificially shaped and the unshaped stones. The 

 alleged presence of shaped flints in the Miocene Age 

 still demands careful examination. The epoch of 

 the Middle Miocene is very ancient, and Leberon 

 distinguishes between fauna found in the limestone 

 of Beauce and Faluns and those of the Upper 

 Miocene, of Eppelsheim and Pikermi. According to 

 this author, the next in succession was the Lower 

 Pliocene of Montpellier; then the Pliocene of 

 Perrier, Solilhac, and Coupet. Next came the fauna 

 of the forest bed at Cromer, and then those of the 



