PRACTICAL ARBORICULTURE 79 
metal fastenings having been used in its makeup. A log sawed across the grain, 
the transverse section often forms the wheels of these Mexican carts, the pattern 
of which is ancient and is variously followed in Central America, South America 
and in parts of Old Mexico as well as in New Mexico. 
From Bogota, Colombia, were models of the various forms of pack saddles 
and animals, the saddle horse, milk peddler’s outfit, and several saddles for freight 
packing in mountainous regions, where pack animals and human porters are the 
principal, if not the only methods of conveyance. 
The Hama, with pack in panniers made an attractive exhibit ; this patient ani- 
mal is the common carrier throughout Peru. 
The highly ornamented donkey cart from Palermo, Sicily, a gay affair, while 
the snowless bullock sledge from Fanchal, Madeira, a curious vehicle, is dragged 
over the roads as a sled, in a country which sees no snow. 
The elephant and camel as beasts of burden, with their curious saddles and 
fanciful trappings, fulfill their spheres in the transportation of valuable freight 
and human travelers; the former in India and Africa, the latter in the countries 
of the Orient. 
The peculiar boats and carts from Siam, with covered bows to screen from 
a tropical sun, add to the variety and interest of transportation methods. 
At the Boer War exhibit are two wagons, duplicates of those used in South 
Africa, far from railways or waterways. The twelve ox team, loaded with provi- 
sions for the Boer army, and the ten mule team, each examples of human ingenuity 
in overcoming obstacles in a locality where greater conveniences are not found. 
The teas of China and Japan are grown far from the seaport cities, and are 
mostly carried by human porters, over mountain and plain for very great dis- 
tances. Usually the neck yoke is used from which to suspend boxes of teas, or 
heavy bundles of various freights. 
The Chinese brought this custom to California in the ‘4os, the gold bearing 
gravel being thus transported to the streams where the gold was washed out, and 
also to convey stores and goods from the seaports to the mines. 
When it is considered how great a quantity of tea the world uses, and that 
all must be conveyed to the ships with comparatively few railways, this method 
of conveyance by porters will be recognized as a prominent factor. 
The coffee grown in Brazil is also far from Rio de Janeiro and the silver 
of the Argentine Republic lies many miles away from Montevideo, the principal 
seaport of eastern South America. 
Human ingenuity is always equal to the occasion, however, and the long tree 
trunks are fashioned into boats, by which these articles are floated down the Ama- 
zon, Parana, and other streams, or carried over mountain roads by ox carts, or by 
pack animals of various kinds. 
Without a doubt water transportation is by far the cheapest method, where 
the conditions are favorable. Not only is this true where ocean vessels can ply, 
but upon the interior rivers, canals and great lakes which afford communication 
for heavy traffic. Water craft is the most economical. This is graphically illus- 
trated in coal boat movements upon the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Here one 
stern-wheel steamboat tows twenty-eight barges of coal conveying twenty-nine 
thousand tons of fuel. These barges are six feet deep and cover an area of three 
