PRACTICAL ARBORICULT URE 225 
to the tree, the dead wood shrinks away from the living wood built around 
it, admitting water and air, and with them the germs of decay which success- 
fully attack the wood at such time. 
A chisel, broad and sharp, upon a long handle, removes branches close to 
the trunk, smoothly; they soon callous and heal over, thus preventing the 
decay mentioned. 
ANALYSIS OF CATALPA WOOD BY J. N. HURTY, M.D., PH.D., ANALYTICAL CHEMIST. 
Sample furnished by J. P. Brown. Indianapolis, April 2, 1900. 
Per cent. 
IOUS EM GEY Leora ys ecg a a rhaspaneeea get aecuay ao Ua aeA Sal aye cy ellen ace icrs sadness we ote 13.97 
ENS HS akin s orcas g ite les, BAR 8b ah peli, setanrsled ly Sil ce aeatraneasatiyy soma eenateadeaha es Nasmecnenntar as 0.72 
Petroleum ether extract 
(This extract was of a light yellow color and very faint fat odor. It was free 
from glucosides, alkaloids, free organic acids and chlorophyll.) 
CHER Zex Cha ti, nib td ean rod al en esterase oo Rai wee ehninty are) emia haa me eta Be 0.36 
(The ether extract had a light brown color, resinous appearance and slight 
aromatic odor. It contained no chlorophyll, alkaloids, glucosides or or- 
ganic acids. It seemed a resin.) 
PICO MO Rent realty a ent teat iat Meech Dora tcteet a Woah ta aot) Rirae ley A han te ead Oar atioctheee a bed bars 4.06 
(This extract had a dark brown color, woody odor. It contained a glucoside, 
no alkaloids, no tannin. Contained resinous matter.) 
Vale te xc tara CtS tears ane gate accent tae oanee Bee UL rd chan er ar a EEN cans ig inc 3.67 
(This extract was of dark brown, almost black color, faint aromatic odor.) 
FEvS Tin, CEU OSEr HELGA dle ataailae Sat sadln ets aise tested Aue oe Bhan deeendouantud eerameonn ametieise Rae ehnns 76.87 
100.00 
Remarks.—It is probable that the fat and the resinous matters are the preservative 
in Catalpa wood. J. N. HURTY. 
MANAGEMENT OF CATALPA PLANTATIONS. 
TWO ADVERSE THEORIES. 
Almost every artificial forest plantation in America has been made upon 
the old theory that side branches of trees must be eliminated by close plant- 
ing; that forest conditions must be maintained by the dense shade of many 
trees. Such is the theory adopted by the United States Forestry Bureau in 
all its bulletins. 
The majority of such plantings have been at 4x4 feet distant with but com- 
paratively little thinning. 
We now have in consideration the Catalpa tree which, when once estab- 
lished, is a remarkably strong, vigorous, growing tree. At 4x4 feet distance, 
or 16 square feet surface for each tree, the roots will occupy all the ground 
in two years after planting. 
In four years there will be a struggle for existence among the roots and 
a corresponding decrease in vitality and power to produce an efficient top. 
Forest conditions are thus maintained at the expense of wood growth. 
Every plantation so made has been a failure and always must be. 
The theory adopted by the author is directly opposed to this. 
A strong root system must be developed and ample room given the trees, 
so that the vital part of the tree, and which is never seen, being beneath the 
ground, shall have room to expand and gather strength for the support of the 
tree. 
In the native forests of Catalpa the trees are tall, straight, with few 
branches along the trunk. 
In proof of which we present scores of photographs of Catalpa speciosa 
growing in every part of the country. 
