COJIPLICATlONS IN CASTRATION (JiJ 



out of the abdominal cavity. The proper method of procedure in such a 

 ease is to perforate the abdominal wall with the peritoneum perforator 

 (Fig. 40) one inch above and one inch forward of the internal abdominal 

 ring. With the index and second linger in the abdominal cavity return 

 the cord, and such other parts of it or the testicle as are in the inguinal 

 canal, to the abdominal cavity, after which the cord can <'asily l)e brought 

 throngh the abdominal perforation into the inguinal canal and the testicle 

 is sure to follow. In other words, we make an intra-abdominal ridgling 

 out of the intra-inguinal ridgling and castrate him as described in detail 

 on pages 56-61. 



Supra-Scrotal R id gliug— Thin is the variety in which the testicle and 

 spermatic cord are in the inguinal canal, however, too higli nji to be felt 

 even on deep pressure ("High flanker"). This class is the one usually 

 encountered in young animals, and corresponds to Miles' No. 2. 



Not being in possession of knowledge which would indicate to us in 

 advance that the testicle is not actually in the abdominal cavity, we are 

 forced to proceed accordingly and prepare the patient, sterilize the instru- 

 ments, cast and tie, disinfect the field of operation, make the scrotal 

 incisions, invade the scrotum and inguinal canal, the same as we would 

 for a ridgling of the intra-abdominal variety. However, encountering the 

 tunica vaginalis containing the testicle high up in the inguinal canal — 

 outside of the abdominal cavity — we are spared the effort, and the animal 

 the danger of perforating the abdominal wall. All that is necessary to 

 be done is to pass the hooked knife np the canal, nick the tunica vaginalis, 

 allow the testicle to escape, sever the cord with the emasculator, and 

 allow the animal to rise to his feet. 



Secondarij Operation — Oftentimes a previous attempt has been made 

 by an incompetent operator, to remove an undescended testicle. In such 

 cases the scrotum and groin are filled with scar tissue, complicating the 

 entrance to the inguinal canal and the alidominal cavity and otherwise 

 making the operation difficult, unpleasant and unsatisfactory. In such 

 cases the convalescence is prolonged and the mortality greater than if 

 the unsuccessful attempt had not been made. In operating upon this class 

 of cases the scrotum is entered in the usual way, after which the scar 

 tissue in the canal is cut throngh and broken down until the internal 

 abdominal ring is reached. In doing this it often becomes necessary to 

 control profuse hemorrhage by ligation. When the internal alxlominal 

 ring is reached, use it as a landmark and proceed to finish the operation 

 in the n.sual manner. Such cases are referred to as "re])eats." 



(d) Anomalous Ridgling — This is the variety in which pathological 

 testicles are encountered, and it corresponds to Miles' No. 5, The diseased 

 conditions most often observed are : hypertrophy, cysts —including der- 



