(J6 ANIIIAL CASTRATION 



the modus operandi of ridgling castration. The reader is here assured that 

 the authors' oulj^ object was to level the technic to a plain, solid, practical 

 basis in order that this most necessary economic opei'ation could be learned 

 and more generality practiced for the benefit of mankind in general and 

 the horse-raising industry in particular. 



Orchitis 



Orchitis — Both acute and chronic orchitis are not infrequently 

 encountered in the castration operation. 



Definition — Inflammation of the testicle. 



Synrptoms — (a) Acute Orchitis — Swelling of the testicle accompanied 

 by heat and pain on pressure. Arching the loins, stitfness and straddlin;? 

 gait are usually observed. 



(b) Chronic Orchitis — Enlargement and hardening of the testicle ac- 

 comiDanied by adhesion of that organ to the tunica vaginalis. 



Adi'isabilitij of Castration — (a) Acute Orchitis — When an acute case of 

 orchitis is encountered and its presence recognized before the scrotum is 

 opened, it is always advisable to postpone operation until a later date in 

 order to give the inflammation time to subside. 



(b) Chronic Orchitis — There is no special reason why an animal cannot 

 be safely castrated while affected with clirouic orchitis, even though the 

 case be an aggravated one. In such event the testicle itself would be quite 

 voluminous in size and completely surrounded by adhesions firmly con- 

 necting it to the tunica vaginalis. The method of procedure when such 

 a complication as this is encountered is fo proceed as in castrating a 

 stallion in normal condition, with the exception that it will be found 

 necessary to detach the testicle from fhe tunica vaginalis by tearing and 

 blunt and sliarp dissection of the adhesions. Sometimes the hemorrhage 

 from blood-vessels in the funic is quite profuse and must be controlled by 

 hemostatic forceps and ligatures. 



When fhe adhesions are so strong and dense as to prevent tearing and 

 In-eaking them down, it becomes necessary to operate by what is known 

 as tlie ' ' covered method, ' ' viz. : Allow fhe testicle to remain in the tunica 

 vaginalis and sever with emasculafor fhe tunica and cord well above fhe 

 testicle. 



Adhesions — See chronic orchitis above. 



HERMAPHRdDITE 



Definition — Hermaphrodism is a condition in which both sexes are mani- 

 fested. 



Objects and Indications — In those cases of hermaphrodism in which fhe 

 male genitals are most developed, the animal will have the same hal^ifs 



