cow, HEIFER AND CALF SPAYING 



155 



ill the standing posture. Stocks (Fig-. 139) are preferable when available. 

 However, when stocks are not at hand the animal may be quickly fastened 

 to a wall or fence with ropes (Fig. 14:0.) The head is first fastened to the 

 post, after which a 30-foot rope is looped around the body and fastened to 

 to a fence or wall as shown. In this position the animal can be readily 

 spayed without her casting herself. 



Position — Standing. 



Instrjiniciits — 1. Colin's Scalpel. (Fig. 128.) 



2. Williams' ratchet spaying ecraseur (Fig. 129), or Dunn's spaying 

 ecraseur (Fig. 130). 



3. Williams' spaying speculum (Fig. 133), or Pascley's spaying specu- 

 lum (Pig. 134). 



4. Injection pump. 



Anatomy — The anatomy of the internal and external generative organs 



Fig. 141 — Internal and external genitals of the cow. A, Vulva; B, vagina; 

 C, uterus; D, D, horns; E, E, ovaries. 



of the cow simulates that of the mare to some extent. However, in order 

 that the comparison may be studied, we will take up briefly each organ 

 separately. 



Vulva — The vulva possesses two thickened labia and two sharp commis- 

 sures, the lower of which is pointed and contains a number of long,,, .stiff 

 hairs. 



The clitoris is small and located in the lower commissure of the vulva. 



Vagina-^The vagina of the cow is larger and longer than that of the 

 mare. It varies in length from eight to fourteen inches. Its wall is thick. 

 The meatus urinarius opens into its floor about five inches from the vulva. 



Uterus The uterus is short and lies almost entirely in the abdominal 



cavity. Its eornua are very long and gradually taper toward the fallopian 

 tubes. The cervix is four and one-half to five and one-half inches long and 

 its wall is thick and tough. Its lumen (cervical canal) is sharply curved 



