HERITABLE BASIS OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 75 
to explain that by type he does not mean a pattern to which all 
born criminals conform. The type, as in comparative anatomy, 
is an ideal construction from which the actual embodiments 
depart to a greater or less degree. Some of the stigmata that 
characterize the born criminal may fail in one offender and others 
may be lacking in others. “In normal individuals,” says Madame 
Ferrero, the daughter and approved interpreter of Lombroso, 
“we never find that accumulation of physical, psychical, func- 
tional and skeletal anomalies in one and the same person that we 
do in the case of criminals, among whom also entire freedom from 
abnormal characteristics is more rare than among ordinary 
individuals.” 
“Just as a musical theme is the result of a sum of notes and not 
of any single note, the criminal type results from the aggregate 
of these anomalies which render him strange and terrible, not 
only to the scientific observer, but to ordinary persons who are 
capable of impartial judgment.” 
The instinctive suspicion that we entertain of certain bad 
characters is held to be an indication of the existence of physical 
signs of criminality. Popular sayings offer evidence of this as is 
indicated by the following: “There is nothing worse under 
Heaven than a scanty beard and a colorless face.” ‘‘The squint 
eyed are on all sides accursed.” “A turned up nose is worse than 
hail.” ‘Beware of him who looks away when he speaks to you.” 
Among the marks said to be characteristic of criminals are 
anomalies in the size and shape of the skull, large face with 
prominent cheek bones and jaws, asymmetry of the face, ears, 
and eyes, drooping or oblique eyelids, and eyes with a hard ex- 
pression and shifty glance, large misshapen ears frequently with 
Darwin’s tubercles, twisted nose, aquiline in murderers, but 
flattened and upturned in thieves, palatal ridges, anomalous 
teeth, scanty beard, and relatively long arms. In the brain 
anomalies are frequent, such as hypertrophied vermis, doubling 
of the fissure of Rolando, and peculiarities of the cells, especially 
in the frontal lobes. Certain kinds of criminals, such as mur- 
derers, are supposed to differ in their stigmata from others, such 
