82 THE TREND OF THE RACE 
inmates of certain prisons, and he was led thereby to investigate 
the family connections of these individuals, with the result of 
discovering a large number of people who were related and who 
could be traced back to a family of sisters, one of whom, Ada, 
nicknamed ‘Margaret, the mother of criminals,” gave rise to a 
progeny who now number over 800 descendants. Pauperism, 
crime, and especially prostitution were remarkably prevalent 
among the descendants of this woman. The four other sisters of 
Ada, whose histories are known, have left progeny whose record is 
of the same general character. Of the 709 Jukes studied by 
Dugdale, 180 were paupers or had received poor relief to the 
extent of 800 years, 60 were habitual thieves, 50 prostitutes, 7 
murderers, and the total cost to the state was estimated at 
$I,308,000.00. 
This record was based on the history of the family up to 1875 
when Dugdale’s report (subsequently, 1887, issued in book form 
entitled The Jukes) was first published. Owing to a chance 
discovery of Dugdale’s original manuscript with the true names 
of the individuals indicated (the published names were all ficti- 
tious) it became possible to trace out the later history of the 
family. This has been done by Dr. A. E. Estabrook of the 
Eugenics Record Office, and the results have been published in a 
monograph, The Jukes in rors. The interval between Dug- 
dale’s time and 1915 has seen a rapid increase in the Jukes family 
with little ornoimprovement in its general character. Estabrook’s 
investigations covered 2,094 persons of whom 1,258 were living in 
1915. Of the whole family up to date considering only those of 
Jukes blood, 170 were paupers, 129 had received outdoor relief, 
118 were criminals, 378 were prostitutes, 86 kept brothels, and 
181 were intemperate. The following extract, which is essentially 
like dozens of others which might be chosen at random from Dr. 
Estabrook’s monograph, will illustrate the general nature of the 
Jukes family history: 
Abe Isaac, by his second consort, Loretta, IV 3, whom he married, 
had seven children: Avery, Alton, Anson, Augustus, Alma, Alonzo, 
